1. Chapter 1 Computer architecture Languages: machine, assembly, high
Memory, register, data format, instruction (format and set), addressing mode, I/O
Sequential, parallel, pipeline, dual or multi core.
Languages: machine, assembly, high
System software
OS, assembler/linker/loader, compiler, editor, …
SIC and SIC/XE architecture
Addressing modes
Relations among different components of computer
Hardware and software
Different software

2. Assembler Functions Two passes: Data structures Directives:
Basic
Mnemonic  Opcode
Labels  Addresses
Extended
Program relocation
Different instruction formats, addressing modes.
Literals, EQU, Expression, Blocks, Control Sections. # and = differences.
Two passes:
Pass one
Assign addresses to all statements in source code
Enter names of symbols (labels/literals/blocks/Control Sections) into SYMTAB, LITTAB, ESTAB
Save values (addresses, lengths) assigned to symbols for use in pass two
Process directives
Pass two
Translate instructions
Convert symbols to addresses.
Generate values defined by BYTE and WORD and compute expressions to values.
Write object code to object program including Define, Refer, and Modification records.
Data structures
Tables: OPTABLE, SYMTAB, LITTAB, ESTAB, … , hash/or linked list
Location counter: LOCCTR, PROGADDR, CSADDR, …
Directives:
BYTE, WORD, RESB, RESW, BASE, EQU, USE, LTORG, CSEC, EXTDEF, EXTREF,
Object records:
Header, End, Text, Modification, Define, Refer, …
Relations among source program, (intermediate file), object code, and object program.
Relations among assembler, loader, and linker.
Different Addressing models

3. Linker/Loader Summary
Loader, Linker, Linking loader,
Linkage editor, simple loader, dynamic linking, absolute loader, bootstrap loader.
Functions
Pass 1: Assign addresses to external symbols
Pass 2: loading, relocation, linking
Important: how relocation and linking is implemented.
Data Structures: ESTAB, PROGADDR, CSADDR, EXECADDR
Library search and linking
Linking options
Dynamic linking

4. Micro Processor Summary
Basic functions
Definitions and expansions
Features
Labels, nested definitions, recursive invocations.
Conditional macro processing.
IF…ENDIF, WHILE…ENDW, macro-time variables and instructions
Keyword parameters
Data structures and algorithms
NAMTAB, DEFTAB, ARGTAB
For recursive invocation, STACK.
Relation between macro processors and assemblers

5. Exam Types: Focus Concepts and functions Identify features True/false
Fill blank
Write program, read program, and modify program
Given assembly instructions, generate object codes for some instructions, particularly, different addressing modes
Give machine codes and memory image, determine the target address and the value fetched.
Focus
Which belong to hardware, software, or both
Functions of assembler, loader/linker, and macro processor
Data structures and algorithms for them.
Relationship among different components of computer systems/software including assembler, loader/linker, macro-processor, and OS.
Difference between some concepts/terms/functions
Advantages and disadvantages of some functions/methods.