1. Chapter Eight – Section Three
Segregation and Discrimination

2. Segregation and Discrimination Objective
Trace the historical underpinnings of legalized segregation and the African-American racism struggle

3. Ida B. Wells
“…This is what opened my eyes to what lynching really was. An excuse to get rid of Negroes who were acquiring wealth and property and thus keep the race terrorized…”

4. Chapters in Brief
By 1900, southern states restricted African Americans’ right to vote, weakening their political power. One law required voters to be able to read. Another put a tax on voting. A third disallowed voters if they, their fathers, or their grandfathers could not vote before January 1, 1867—the first day that African Americans could vote. All these laws were passed specifically to take away blacks’ right to vote. The Supreme Court allowed these laws to remain standing.

5. Chapters in Brief
The southern states also passed Jim Crow laws that segregated whites and blacks into separate facilities. When Homer Plessy was denied a seat on a railroad car, he sued, but the Supreme Court ruled separate facilities legal. Racial etiquette—customs—restricted the rights of African Americans even when laws did not. Booker T. Washington argued that blacks should not insist on full equality—which whites, he felt, would resist—but work for economic security.

6. Chapters in Brief
Ida Wells crusaded nationwide to end lynching— hanging people without trial. African Americans in the North faced discrimination as well. Mexican Americans, especially in the Southwest, faced similar discrimination. The railroads hired them to build new lines but paid little. Landowners forced workers to work to repay debts, a system called debt peonage that the Supreme Court ruled against in 1911.

7. Chapters in Brief
The Chinese population in the West grew until 1880, and white workers felt threatened by competition from Chinese workers. Congress responded to their pressure in 1882 by passing the Chinese Exclusion Act. It prohibited further immigration from China.

8. Chapters in Brief
1. What discrimination was faced by minority groups in the late 1800s? >African Americans suffered the passage of Jim Crow laws in the South and faced discrimination in the North >Mexican Americans suffered discrimination > Laws prevented more Chinese from immigrating to the country

9. Segregation and Discrimination
As African Americans exercised their newly won political and social rights during Reconstruction, they faced hostile and often violent opposition from whites
African Americans had imposed laws restricting their civil rights
By the 20th century, Southern states had adopted a broad system of legal policies of racial discrimination and devised methods to weaken African-American political power

10. Voting Restrictions
All Southern states imposed new voting restrictions and denied legal equality to African-Americans
Limited to those who could read / literacy tests
Blacks asked more difficult questions than whites
Given a test in a foreign language
Officials could pass or fail applicants as they wished

11. Voting Restrictions
Poll Tax: annual tax that had to be paid before qualifying to vote
black as well as white sharecroppers were often too poor to pay the poll tax
Grandfather Clause: The clause stated that even if a man failed the literacy test or could not afford the poll tax, he was still entitled to vote if he, his father, or his
grandfather had been eligible to vote before
January 1, 1867
January 1, 1867 is important because freed slaves did not have the right to vote before that time = grandfather clause did not allow them to vote

12. Jim Crowe Laws Southern states passed racial segregation laws
Segregation: separation of white and black people in public and private facilities
these laws became known as the “Jim Crow Laws”

13. Jim Crow Laws
Alabama Arizona Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi Missouri New Mexico North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Texas Virginia Wyoming see sample “Jim Crow Laws” among states

14. Jim Crow Laws
Nurses: No person or corporation shall require any white female nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in hospitals, either public or private, in which Negro men are placed. Buses: All passenger stations in this state operated by any motor transportation company shall have separate waiting rooms or space and separate ticket windows for white and colored races. Railroads: The conductor of each passenger train is authorized and required to assign each passenger to the car or the division of the car, when it is divided by a partition, designated for the race to which such passenger belongs. Restaurants: It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in the city, at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and colored persons are effectively separated by a solid partition extending from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the street is provided for each compartment. Pool and Billiard Rooms: It shall be unlawful for a Negro and white person to play together or in company with each other at any game of pool or billiards. Toilet Facilities, Male: Every employer of white or Negro males shall provide for such white or Negro males reasonably accessible and separate toilet facilities.

15. Jim Crow Laws
Intermarriage: All marriages between a white person and a Negro person or between a white person and a person of Negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited. Cohabitation: Any Negro man and white women, or any white man and Negro woman, who are not married to each other, who shall habitually live in and occupy in the nighttime the same room shall each be punished by imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or by fine not exceeding five hundred ($500.00) dollars. Education: The schools for white children and the schools for Negro children shall be conducted separately. Juvenile Delinquents: There shall be separate buildings, not nearer than one fourth mile from each other, one for white boys and one for Negro boys. White boys and Negro boys shall not, in any manner, be associated together or worked together. Mental Hospitals: The Board of Control shall see that proper and distinct apartments are arranged for said patients, so that in no case shall Negroes and white persons be together. Intermarriage: It shall be unlawful for a white person to marry anyone except a white person. Any marriage in violation of this section shall be void. Barbers: No colored barber shall serve as a barber [to] white women or girls.

16. Jim Crow Laws
Burial: The officer in charge shall not bury, or allow to be buried, any colored persons upon ground set apart or used for the burial of white persons Amateur Baseball: It shall be unlawful for any amateur white baseball team to play baseball on any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of a playground devoted to the Negro race, and it shall be unlawful for any amateur colored baseball team to play baseball in any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of any playground devoted to the white race. Parks: It shall be unlawful for colored people to frequent any park owned or maintained by the city for the benefit, use and enjoyment of white persons. and unlawful for nay white person to frequent any park owned or maintained by the city for the use and benefit of colored persons. Wine and Beer: Any person licensed to conduct the business of selling beer or wine. shall serve either white people exclusively or colored people exclusively and shall not serve to the two races within the same room at any time. Circus Tickets: All circuses, shows and tent exhibitions, to which the attendance of more than one race is invited or expected to attend shall provide for the convenience of its patrons not less than two ticket offices with individual sellers, and not less than two entrances to the said performance, with individual ticket takers and receivers, and in the case of outside or tent performances, the said ticket offices shall not be less than twenty-five feet (25) apart.

17. Jim Crow Laws
Housing: Any person. who shall rent any part of any such building to a Negro person or a Negro family when such building is already in whole or in part in occupancy by a white person or white family, or vice versa when the building is in occupancy by a Negro person or Negro family, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on convictions thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five ($25) nor more than one hundred ($100.00) dollars or be imprisoned not less than 10, or more than 60 days, or both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the court. The Blind: The board of trustees shall maintain a separate building, on separate grounds for the admission, care, instruction, and support of all blind persons of the colored or black race. Hospital Entrances: There shall be maintained by the governing authorities of every hospital maintained by the state for the treatment of white and colored patients separate entrances for white and colored patients and visitors, and such entrances shall be used by the race only for which they are prepared. Prisons: The warden shall see that the white convicts shall have separate apartments for both eating and sleeping from the Negro convicts. Textbooks: Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools, but shall be continued to be used by the race first using them. Libraries: The state librarian is directed to fit up and maintain a separate place for the use of the colored people who may come to the library for the purpose of reading books or periodicals.

18. Jim Crow Laws
Militia: The white and colored militia shall be separately enrolled, and shall never be compelled to serve in the same organization. The organization of colored troops shall not be permitted where white troops are available, and colored troops shall be under the command of white officers. Transportation: The Utilities Commission is empowered and directed to require the establishment of separate waiting rooms at all stations for the white and colored races. Teaching: Any instructor who shall teach in any school, college or institution where members of the white and colored race are received and enrolled as pupils for instruction shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined in any sum not less than ten dollars ($10.00) not more than fifty dollars ($50.00) for each offense. Fishing, Boating, Bathing: The Conservation Commission shall have the right to make segregation of the white and colored races as to the exercise of rights of fishing, boating and bathing. Mining: The baths and lockers for the Negroes shall be separate from the white race, but may be in the same building. Telephone Booths: The Corporation Commission is hereby vested with power and authority to require telephone companies to maintain separate booths for white and colored patrons when there is a demand for such separate booths. That the Corporation Commission shall determine the necessity for said separate booths only upon complaint of the people in the town and vicinity to be served after due hearing as now provided by law in other complains filed with the Corporation Commission. Lunch Counters: No persons, firms, or corporations, who or which furnish meals to passengers at station restaurants or station eating houses, in times limited by common carriers of said passengers, shall furnish said meals to white and colored passengers in the same room, or at the same table , or at the same counter.

19. Jim Crow Laws
Child Custody: It shall be unlawful for any parent, relative, or other white person in this State, having the control or custody of any white child, by right or guardianship, natural or acquired, or otherwise, to dispose of, give or surrender such white child permanently into the custody, control, maintenance, or support of a Negro. Theaters: Every person operating any public hall, theater, opera house, motion picture show or any place of public entertainment or public assemblage which is attended by both white and colored persons shall separate the white and colored race and shall set apart and designate certain seats therein to be occupied by white persons and a portion thereof, or certain seats therein, to be occupied by colored persons.

20. Jim Crow Laws Activity
Group One and Five: You are a black resident of Smallsville, Alabama. Compose a letter to your state government protesting Jim Crow laws. (Letters may include such issues as: poverty situation, blacks are citizens too but have no rights, government should protect rights) Group Two and Six: You are a white resident of Smallsville, Alabama. Compose a letter to your state government supporting the need for Jim Crow laws. (Letters may include such issues as: well known that blacks are inferior, we need these laws so blacks do not take over society and steal jobs, white women in danger and need protection) Group Three and Seven: You are a black resident of Bigsville, Georgia. Compose a letter to your neighbor trying to gather support to oppose Jim Crow laws. (Letters may include: need to organize and band together, may meet in secret, nothing will change unless they make it change, need our rights) Group Four: You are a white resident in Bigsville, Georgia. Compose a letter to your fellow townspeople gathering support for Jim Crow laws. (Letters may include: need these laws to protect whites from blacks, without the laws whites would lose their lifestyle and jobs, women would be unprotected) Directions: Write your name and position on the top of the paper. You may use evidence as cited in discussion and the Jim Crow laws for support.

21. Jim Crow Activity Restate what a “Jim Crow” law is.
When you are finished with the letter, answer the following
concluding questions on your own half sheet of paper.
I’ll collect them when you exit the classroom.
Restate what a “Jim Crow” law is.
Restate the social, political, and economic causes of the Jim Crow Laws.   
Name the geographic region most affected by these laws.

22. Plessy v. Ferguson
legal case that reached the U.S. Supreme Court to test the constitutionality of segregation
1896 – the Supreme Court ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal; did not violate 14th amendment

23. Plessy v. Ferguson
The decision established the doctrine of “separate but equal” = allowed states to maintain segregated facilities for blacks and whites as long as they provided equal service (lasted for almost 60 years)

24. Turn of the Century Race Relations
African Americans faced:
Formal discrimination
Informal rules and customs – “racial etiquette”
Regulated relationships between whites and blacks
Examples:
no shaking hands
blacks yielded sidewalks to whites
black men always had to remove their hats for whites
severe punishment or death if rules not followed

25. Turn of the Century Race Relations
Discrimination in the North
Many African Americans moved to Northern cities for equal opportunities; when they arrived they were forced into segregated neighborhoods
Discrimination was also in the workplace; labor unions often discouraged black membership
hired only blacks as last resort
fired blacks before whites

26. Discrimination in the West
Mexican Workers – (hot climate)
a. worked for the railroads / agricultural industries
b. worked for less money than others
c. forced into debt peonage
Debt Peonage: a system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to an employer
II. Chinese Workers
a. white people feared job competition
b. pushed Chinese into segregated schools and neighborhoods
c. strong opposition of Chinese immigration developed

27. Segregation and Discrimination Essential Question
Summarize turn of the 20th century race relations in the North and South
Write three complete sentences in the summary location on your note sheet.

28. Segregation and Discrimination Objective
Trace the historical underpinnings of legalized segregation and the African-American racism struggle