1. Characteristics of the obstetric forceps
Birth by forceps
Characteristics of the obstetric forceps

2. l obstetric forceps are composed of two separate blades right and left
insertion around the fetal head within the maternal vagina
two shanks (shahs) of varying length and two handles.
Forceps are two type
*non- rotational * rotational.

3. The blades have a cephalic curve to accommodate the form of the baby's head and are fenestrated (and not solid) to minimize the trauma to the baby's head during both placement and birth.
They also have a pelvic curve to reduce the risks of trauma to the maternal tissues during the birth process.
the blades are correctly positioned around the fetal skull
Will be noted to ‘lock with ease’.
Forceps that do not lock are most commonly incorrectly placed.

4. Classification of obstetric forceps
-Forceps into two categories:
* mid-cavity *and low-cavity.
Mid-cavity forceps are used when the leading part of the fetal head has reached below the level of the Ischial spines;
low-cavity forceps are used when the head has descended to the level of the pelvic floor.
High-cavity forceps (with the leading part of the fetal head above the level of the ischial spines) are now considered unsafe and a CS will be the preferred method of birth in nearly all cases.

5. Types of obstetric forceps
Wrigley's forceps
-used when the head is on the perineum or to assist the birth of the fetal head at caesarean section.
They have a short shank, fenestrated blades with both pelvic and cephalic curves, and an English lock

7. Neville–Barnes or Simpson's forceps
used for a low- or mid-cavity forceps birth when the sagifal suture is in the anteroposterior diameter of the cavity of the pelvis.
they have cephalic and pelvic curves to the fenestrated blades
the handles are longer and heavier than those of the Wrigley's.

8. Kielland's forceps
designed to deliver the fetal head at a station at, or above, the pelvic brim.
They are now more commonly used for the rotation and extraction of a baby whose head is in the deep transverse or occipitoposterior Malposition.
It allow for the safe rotation of the fetus),

9. Procedure explain & Rationale consent urinary bladder catheterization,
FHR monitoring
position of the woman's legs
Consideration to the location of the birth( labor room ,or theater )
inhalational analgesia or a pudendal nerve block with perineal infiltration is unlikely to be sufficient for a forceps birth.
an epidural, if already in situ, may be topped up, or a spinal anaesthetic should be administered,is given to using Kielland's forceps.

10. will be inserted per vagina) and placed around the fetal head.
The left blade is inserted before the right blade, with the other hand protecting the vaginal wall from direct trauma.
The forceps blades come to lie parallel to the axis of the fetal head, and between the fetal head and the pelvic wall.
then articulates and locks the blades, checking their application before applying traction.
Traction should be applied in concert with uterine contractions and maternal expulsive efforts.

15. Complications of instrumental vaginal birth
forceps are less likely than the ventouse to fail to achieve a vaginal birth,likely to be associated with
third- or fourth-degree tears (with or without the concurrent use of an episiotomy)
vaginal trauma
use of general anesthesia
flatal, faecal and urinary continence

16. Maternal complications
Trauma or soft tissue damage – occurring to the cervix, vagina or perineum.
Dysuria or urinary retention, which may result from bruising or edema to the tissues around the urethra.
Perineal discomfort.
Hemorrhage (both from tissue trauma and also uterine atony – the risk of which is always increased following an assisted vaginal birth).

17. Neonatal complications
Marks on the baby's face and bruising (commonly caused by the pressure from the forceps blades and around the caput succedaneum/chignon from the ventouse , all of which resolve within 48–72 hours after birth
Facial palsy, which may result from pressure from a blade compressing a facial nerve (a transient problem in most instances).
Prolonged traction during a birth with a ventouse will increase the likelihood of scalp abrasions, cephalohaematoma or sub-aponeurotic bleeding

18. Failure With the ventouse
Failure to select the correct cup type
inappropriate use of the silastic cup ,especially in the presence of:
@ deflexion of the fetal head
@ excess caput
@‘dense’ epidural block
@ fetal macrosomia (true CPD).
@Failure of the equipment to provide adequate traction
@Incorrect cup placement – too anterior or lateral,

19. Failure With any instrument
Inadequate case assessment
high head
misdiagnosis of the position and attitude of the head.
along Traction
Poor maternal effort with inadequate use of syntocinon

20. Thank You..!!