1. Reversible data hiding in encrypted images based on absolute mean difference of multiple neighboring pixels
Source: Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
Authors: Xin Liao, Changwen Shu
Speaker: Ying-Ching Kuo
Date: 2017/02/02

2. Outline
Related Works
Proposed Scheme
Experimental Result
Conclusion

3. Related Work-complexity of image blocks9 7 8 10 12 13 14 1 5 6 4 11 2 3 r 2 1 6 4 5
Case 3: 9 7
Case 1: 3
Case 2:
Case 1:
Case 2:
Case 3:

4. Proposed Scheme(1/3)-Overview
Content owner
Original image
Encryption key
Image encryption
Encrypted Image
Data hider
Receiver
Additional data
Data hiding key
Data embedding
Encryption key
Data embedding ratio
Stego image
Image decryption
Marked decrypted image
Data hiding key
Data extraction &
image recovery
Data embedding ratio
Recovered image & extracted data

5. Estimate the complexity
Proposed Scheme(2/3) S0 S1
original block 1 4 3 2 5 8 9 10 6 7
encrypted block
150
151
147
148
149
146
159
158
157
145
144
145
144
148
149
146
152
153
151
157
147
150
159
158
stego block
Image encryption:
Cx, y = Px, y ⊕ ke
ke = ( )2
Data embedding:
Cx, y’ = Cx, y flip 3 LSBs
embedded 0 in S0 1 4 5 2 8 9 7 13 3 6 15 14 H0 H1 H0 H1 6 7 3 2 5 15 14 10 4 1 8 9
decrypted block 1 4 5 2 8 9 7 13 3 6 15 14
decrypted block with flipped 3 LSBs
Data extraction &
image recovery:
Px, y’ = Dx, y flip 3 LSBs
Image decryption:
Dx, y = Cx, y’ ⊕ ke
Estimate the complexity
of H0 & H1

6. Proposed Scheme(3/3) 1 4 5 2 8 9 7 13 3 6 15 14 H0 H1

7. Experimental Result(1/3)

8. Experimental Result(2/3)
PSNR values with different embedding ratios. p
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
PSNR
37.85
38.40
38.91
39.48
40.14
40.90
41.86
43.08
44.81
47.81
X. Zhang, Reversible data hiding in encrypted images, IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 18 (4) (2011) 255–258.
W. Hong, T. Chen, H. Wu, An improved reversible data hiding in encrypted images using side match, IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 19 (4) (2012) 199–202.

9. Experimental Result(3/3)
Comparisons of average EER(%) with respect to block sizes when p=1.0 .
block size 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Zhang
26.33
10.11
5.17
3.17
2.17
1.58
1.41
1.16
1.06
0.81
0.74
0.68
Hong
13.01
5.59
3.13
1.96
1.87
1.25
1.29
1.14
1.04
0.94
0.93
0.75
Proposed
13.70
5.74
2.84
1.62
1.39
0.76
0.69
0.44
0.54
0.41
0.40
0.31
Comparisons of average EER(%) with respect to block sizes when p=0.5 .
block size 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Zhang
14.67
6.90
4.14
2.79
2.05
1.66
1.56
1.32
1.44
1.28
1.17
1.11
Hong
8.25
4.23
2.93
2.01
1.82
1.50
1.59
1.39
1.42
1.45
1.34
Proposed
8.50
3.99
2.68
1.26
0.84
0.88
0.66
0.89
0.99
Comparisons of average EER(%) with respect to block sizes when p=0.1 .
block size 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Zhang
3.16
1.79
1.27
0.96
0.81
0.74
0.79
0.77
0.89
0.85
0.91
Hong
1.97
1.19
0.94
0.63
0.61
0.65
0.70
0.92
0.76
Proposed
1.91
1.17
0.71
0.50
0.57
0.38
0.46
0.53
0.56
X. Zhang, Reversible data hiding in encrypted images, IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 18 (4) (2011) 255–258.
W. Hong, T. Chen, H. Wu, An improved reversible data hiding in encrypted images using side match, IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 19 (4) (2012) 199–202.

10. Conclusion
Design a function to estimate the complexity of image blocks sufficiently.
The data embedding ratio is considered when this method is performed.