1. Compression of the central airways by a dilated aorta in infants and children with congenital heart disease 
Doff B McElhinney, MD, V.Mohan Reddy, MD, Mark S Pian, MD, Phillip Moore, MD, Frank L Hanley, MD 
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 
Volume 67, Issue 4, Pages (April 1999)
DOI: /S (99)

2. Fig 1
Bronchoscopy studies performed in patient 2 (a,b) 16 days postoperatively, and (c,d) after aortopexy. (a) Image from high in the trachea showing anteroposterior flattening of the distal trachea, more pronounced on the right side. (b) Image from low in the trachea showing the carina (open arrow) and origins of both mainstem bronchi, which are clearly compressed in the anteroposterior dimension. (c) Image from high in the trachea demonstrates considerable improvement in the diameter of the distal tracheal lumen, relative to the preaortopexy study shown in (a). (d) At a level similar to that depicted in (b), the substantially more normal (rounded) shape of the orifices of both mainstem bronchi can be appreciated. (A = anterior; P = posterior; R = right.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (99) )

3. Fig 2
Noncontrast computed tomography scan performed 13 days after repair in patient 2, with two successive axial slices at 5-mm intervals. In the more proximal slice (top), compression of the carina (arrow) and the origins of both mainstem bronchi can be visualized. The immediately distal slice (bottom) shows diffuse narrowing of the left mainstem bronchus (open arrow).
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (99) )

4. Fig 3
Preoperative (same day) ascending aortogram (A) immediately followed by a contrast bronchogram (B), taken in an anteroposterior plane with mild right oblique angulation, in patient 4. (A) Ascending aortogram shows a right aortic arch with a large ascending aorta and mirror image branching of the head vessels. The right pulmonary artery is narrowed as it passes under the arch through the aortopulmonary window. (B) Contrast bronchogram performed immediately after the aortic root injection. Indentation of the trachea can be appreciated just proximal to the carina (open arrow), and narrowing of the right mainstem bronchus is apparent at the level of the ascending aorta and right pulmonary artery. The catheter tip (arrow) is located in the same position for both frames, and can be used as a reference point for comparison.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (99) )