1. Can classic models of socio-economical development help understand intra-regional migrant flows?
Learning Intention: Link patterns of international migration and socio-economic development to Geographical models.
1. What are the contemporary patterns of global migration?
Key Ideas
Content
1b. Current patterns of international migration are related to global patterns of socio-economic development.
The relationship between patterns of international migration and socio-economic development, using national indices such as ‘value of migrant remittances’ and HDI.

3. The ‘Blue’ or ‘Hot’ Banana!

4. What is the link here?

5. Europe’s Economic & Population Core.
The Blue Banana (also known as the Hot Banana,  European Megalopolis or the Manchester–Milan Axis) is a discontinuous corridor of urbanisation in Western Europe, with a population of around 111 million.

6. Is there any link?

7. Revision: Economic Geography!
Mydal’s Model of Circular & Cumulative Causation

8. Revision: Economic Geography!
Cumulative Causation:
Spiral of advantages that occur in a specific geographical location (core).
Can be used on a global, regional scale or within countries to explain regional disparities.
Gunnar Myrdal (1957)
Model of Cumulative Causation
It’s a bit like the Multiplier Effect.

9. Core/Periphery:
Core – Initially based on comparative advantages (resource endowment and location), develops from acquired advantages (multiplier effect, agglomeration, increased tax revenue, increased public spending, education and health care, skilled labour, improvements in infrastructure).
Periphery – Inaccessible, underpopulated, resource poor.

10. Characteristics of the Core & Periphery:
Characteristics of Core
Characteristics of Periphery
High employment and high wages
Unemployment

11. Characteristics of the Core & Periphery:
Characteristics of Core
Characteristics of Periphery
High foreign direct investment (FDI)
High employment and high wages
High levels of communications and technology e.g. internet and mobile network
High literacy and skills rates
Net migration gain
Larger secondary and tertiary economy
Good electricity, water and gas supplies
Good quality housing
Wide variety of entertainment e.g. cinemas, museums, etc.
Cultural diversity (sport, music, religion, language, food, dress, etc.)
Large racial mix
Disinvestment
Net migration loss
Unemployment
Low levels of literacy and small skills base
Large primary sector economy - maybe a large number of subsistence farmers
Water and electricity shortages - possible reliance on fuelwood
Poor levels of communications
poor housing - often informal settlements
Traditional lifestyle/culture (lack of cultural mix)
Little international cultural or sporting facilities

12. Handout
Task: Read the following handout and complete the given tasks and questions.

13. Lesson 6- Models of Socio-economic development linked to intra-regional migrant flows.

15. Peripheral Region
Upward Transitional
CORE
Resource Frontier

16. John Friedmann’s Core-Periphery Model:
Upward transitional area could be seen as the semi periphery.
Resource frontier is peripheral but endowed with resources.
Downward transitional area could be seen as the periphery suffering from backwash effects of development in the Core.
Task:
With a partner, explain how this model works.
What relevance does it have to migration flows? Explain.

17. Lesson 6- Models of Socio-economic development linked to intra-regional migrant flows.
Core/Periphery:
Backwash Effects:
Negative impacts on peripheral regions caused by the growth of core regions.
E.G. Out-migration of economically active people, outflows of capital, decreasing tax base, firms of the periphery not able to compete with the firms of the core and therefore periphery being flooded with core’s products.
Spread Effects:
Positive effects impacts on peripheral regions caused by growth of core regions.
E.G. Core unable to supply all the products the Core is demanding so supply from the Periphery to the Core. Core becomes affected by NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES (high rents, overcrowding, congestion) so firms locate in periphery.
Key question – Will the benefits of the Core’s development “spread” or “trickle down” to the periphery?

18. Exam Questions:
To what extent are these models applicable within Europe?
How do they help in understanding intra-regional migrant flows within the EU?