1. A Chinese Puzzle An economic superpower run as a one-party communist state with capitalist ambitions

2. THE END OF IMPERIAL CHINA
Until the early 20th century (1912) China was run as a monarchy under a long line of Emperors
The last emperor of China was Puyi the last of the Qing dynasty
The final years of the Qing dynasty were marked by turmoil,civil war and attempts by European nations to gain power in China
Puyi became emperor at the age of 2yrs!

3. The Opium War: “The most disreputable War Britain ever fought” Gladstone
Motivation: the British thirst for tea and trade
Destabilization: Payment in silver as China wanted nothing the British produced
Problem: Imbalance in trade
Solution: Illegal importation of Opium into China

4. China loses the war: outgunned and with backward technology

5. The Treaty of Nanjing: 1842: First Unequal Treaty
Cede Island of Hong Kong in perpetuity
Open 5 ports to trade: Guangzhou (Canton), Xiamen (Amoy), Foochow (Fuzhou), Ningpo (Ningbo), Shanghai.
Pay 21 Million dollars reparations
Extraterritoriality
Most Favored Nation Clause

6. Second Opium War: Causes
Desire for free trade
Desire to travel in interior
Desire for missionary activity
Desire for legalization of opium
Desire for diplomatic relations

7. Treaties of Tianjin and Aigun
Europeans right to have legations in Beijing
10 cities opened for trade and residence
Foreign ships navigate freely on Yangtse river
Foreigners right to travel, trade, and proselytize in China
6 million dollar indemnity
Russia got the maritime Province

8. Destruction of the Summer Palace

9. Reactions to European interference -The Boxer Rebellion-

10. Soldiers of the Eight Nation Alliance: Britain, U. S
Soldiers of the Eight Nation Alliance: Britain, U.S.A, Russia, British India, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Japan. China Would be forced to pay $300 Million in damages ($8 Billion today)

11. May 4th Movement -Hundreds of thousands of students protest
-Boycott of Foreign goods and deepened anger towards foreign involvement in the country.
-Deepened political divide between two parties
Kuomintang (KMT)
And
Communist Party

12. Civil War- Nationalist -v- Communist
Nationalists
Chiang Kai-shek
Republican Democracy
Capitalist Ide0logy
Communists
Mao Zedong
Single Party State
Communist Ideology

13. Capitalism - Communism
(Adam Smith - Wealth of Nations)
Allow people to pursue economic self interest
Hard work and individual freedom will allow people to improve their lives
Raise money(capital) from market- invest in business- keep profits
Government should not interfere with the economy - free market
Communism
(Karl Marx - Das Capital)
People should work together to improve the nation and have equal share of the nation’ wealth
Workers should control means of production (resources, farming and industry)
Government controls and plans the economy - command economy

14. Civil War 1927 -1949/50 (with a short break for WWII)
22 years of conflict and carnage!

15. Communist Victory

16. Peoples Republic of China
1st Oct 1949 Declaration of Peoples Republic of China
Redistribution of Land
Government takes control of agriculture
Sets up series of 5 year plans - targets for grain production
Collectivization of Farms

17. The Great Leap Forward 1958-1961
An attempt to rapidly industrialize and improve food production
Private ownership of land abolished
700 mllion people organized into 27,000 communes
600,000 Backyard iron/steel furnaces set up in villages - labour diverted to steel production
Experiments in grain production/irrigation backfired
Droughts, failed rains, locusts

18. Aftermath 20-40 million people died of starvation & related diseases
“The economic disaster was 30% fault of nature, 70% human error” Liu Shaoqui
Mao Steps down as Chairman 1959

19. The Cultural Revolution
Getting Rid of
“The Four Olds”
Old Culture
Old Customs
Old Habits
Old Ideas

20. The Red Guard
Mao called on the nation’s youth to purge the “impure” elements of Chinese society and revive the revolutionary spirit that had led to victory in the civil war 20 years earlier and the formation of the People’s Republic of China.
The movement escalated quickly as the students formed paramilitary groups called the Red Guards and attacked and harassed members of China’s elderly and intellectual population.

21. “Beating Down the Counter Revolutionaries”

22. The Four Modernizations
Deng Xiaoping
Modernize
Agriculture
Industry
Science
Military
Huge investment
Radical change - private ownership of business and land allowed

23. Tianamen Square 1989

24. Reform, Change, Growth!
BBC

25. A good source of information
BBC:The Peoples Republic at 50 - a special report