1. Studying Geography US history P ¾ Mr. Miranda/ Ms. Batres
Chapter 1, lesson 2
Studying Geography
US history P ¾
Mr. Miranda/ Ms. Batres

2. I. What is Geography?
Guiding question: what are the five themes if geography?
A. geography: the study of the earth AND its peoples
B. 5 subjects of geography:
1. location: where something is (absolute or relative)
2. place: features that make a place unique (ex: orange groves and theme parks, lang./relig.)
3. regions: areas that share common features (ex: new England/ the west coast)
4. Movement: how/ why people or ideas move
5. human-environment interaction: how people interact with their surroundings (ex: natives used plants/animals for clothes, food, weapons, etc)

3. II. Maps and Globes
Guiding question: what stories do maps/globes tell?
A. Globe: round model of earth with ACCURATE shapes, sizes and locations
B. Map: flat drawing of all or parts of the earth, made by cartographers (people who make maps)
C. understanding parts of a map: Look at map on book; COMPASS ROSE

4. II. Maps and Globes Political map with highway routes
C. physical and political maps
1. physical: show landforms (natural features like deserts and forests), reliefs (ups and downs on the surface of earth) and elevation (height of an area above sea level).
2. political: shows names and political boundary lines,, and human made features like cities and transportation routes

5. II. Maps and Globes
D. Special purpose maps: show themes or patterns specifically for 1 thing (ex: population density, climate, etc.)

6. III. ecosystems Guiding question: what is an ecosystem?
A. the community of living beings and the surroundings in which they live in (plants, humans, animals, etc)
1. ex: a lakes, forests, wetlands, grasslands, deserts
2. EVERYTHING is connected, so changing one thing can have an impact in another. (ex. Floridians get fresh water from everglades, draining the grasslands and forcing animals there out)
3. human systems: all the things we create to builds our lives, people, settlemetns, and cultures

7. Chapter 1, Lesson 3
Studying economics

8. I. What is economics? Guiding question: what makes up an economy?
A. economics is the study of how things are made, bought, sold, and used
B. Scarcity and choice
1. Goods and services: things you buy or that you can do for others (ex. Cars, and cutting hair)
2. producers and consumers: people who provide a good or service (producers) and people who buy them (consumers). Ex. Disney makes movies and we buy tickets to see them
3. scarcity: the idea that there are not enough resources to make everything for everyone, so people must consider what to make, how to make it, and who it will be for.

9. I. What is economics? C. The cost of choices D. factors of production
1. opportunity cost: chances you pass up when making choices (ex. Buying VS. not buying a song. If you save up, the opportunity cost is NOT getting a song)
D. factors of production
1. land: natural resources available
2. labor: people needed to produce goods and services
3. capital: human made good used to make other goods and services (ex: machines, tools, and MONEY).
Entrepreneurs: a person who starts and runs a business.

10. II. Market economy
Guiding question: how do people decide what to produce?
A. economic systems: explain the way people produce and trade goods/services.
1.traditional economy: rare; people produce things “the way its always been done”
2. command economy: government leaders tell people what to make and sell
3. Market economy: people buy and make whatever they want, with little government involvement. Leads to competition, low prices and high quality goods. Dependent on SUPPLY AND DEMAND.

11. III. National economy
Guiding question: what determines the strength/ weakness of a nation’s economy?
A. free enterprise system: another name for the US economy, in which the people are free to control the means of production.
1. YOU can choose what goods/ services to sell and how to make them.
2. laws protect consumers from unfair business practices
3. laws prevent monopolies (1 person holding all the money in 1 industry)
B. profit motive: the desire to make a profit, and make things others want to buy to make $$$. (ex: I make shirts. 1 shirt costs $25 to make, but I sell it for $30. the profit is $5 dollars)
C. private property: anything owned by individuals or groups and NOT THE GOVERNMENT.

12. HOW TO GET KICKED OUT OF A HOUSE 101
Everyone gets money, and goes around the board buying property. If not bought, it goes for sale to someone else.
Once all property is bought, players can make deals with each other to exchange properties.
Players with same color properties can expand by buying houses, raising up the price other players pay when they land on that property (you can still cut deals)
If you cannot afford the fee, you go bankrupt, and your property goes for sale.
The last standing player or player with all property wins.

13. III. International Economy
Guiding question: how do nations trade with each other?
A. international trade: the exchange of goods and services between nations (import = buying and export = selling)
B. voluntary exchange: no one is forced to trade (buy or sell)
C. Specialization: nations focus on certain goods they’re good at making (refer to image)

14. III. International Economy
D. currency and exchange rates: countries use different currency and money does not always equal the same thing.
E. Trade barriers: done when countries try to protect their industries from competition
1. Tariffs (taxes on imports), Import quotas (restrict amounts imported), and embargoes (completely stops import or export of goods).
$ = American Dollar
€ = Euro (European union)
¥ = Japanese Yen
£ = Pound Sterling (UK)

15. IV: economic literacy A. should I buy an item?
B. what quality should I get?
Cost of operation
New or used?
Brand name or no?
Save income and invest later?
Credit: borrowing money to buy goods with the promise to pay back the lender eventually.

16. Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Civics and Government

17. I. Rights of US citizens
Guiding question: What are the rights of citizens?
A. Civics: The study of the rights and duties of citizens
B. Dates back to 25,000 years ago to ancient Greece and Rome
C. How to become a citizen:
1. Birth: anyone born in the US or US territory (ex. Puerto rico OR a military base)
2. Naturalization: someone from another country migrates to another and undergoes a legal process to become a citizen.
3. All citizens have GUARANTEED basic rights, and specific responsibilities

18. I. Rights of US citizens
D. Due process: Procedures that the government must follow as established by LAW, as upheld by the 5th AMENDMENT
E. Equal protection: Every citizen is equal under the law and must be treated the same regardless of race, religion, or beliefs. Upheld by the 14th AMENDMENT.
F. Basic Freedoms: speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition. OUTLINED IN THE BILL OF RIGHTS
G. Limit of rights: government can limit rights if they serve to protect the health, safety, security and moral standards of a community, but MUST be applied equally and fairly.

19. II. Government structure and function
3 government systems:
A. Unitary: all decisions are made by a single unitary government, making decisions for cities, towns, and states.
B. Confederation: Power is held by the states.
C. Federal: power is split between a central national government and state and local governments.

20. II. Government structure and function
D. The US has a federal system in which power is divided between the national federal government and state governments, and all have the power to make their own laws.
E. Federal laws are SUPREME, but they cannot overrule state and local laws unless they cause conflict.

21. II. Government structure and function
F. Divisions of power: some powers are for the states, others for the federal government, and some are shared.

22. II. Government structure and function
G. Forms of government:
1. Autocracy: a single person holds UNLIMITED power
2. Oligarchy: Power is held by a small elite group
3. Direct Democracy: power is held by the people, who meet to debate and vote laws
4. Representative Democracy (A Republic): People elect others to represent them, make laws, and govern on their behalf.

23. III. Citizens in action
Guiding question: what are our duties and responsibilities?
A. Duties: things the law requires us to do.
1. Obey the law
2. Pay taxes
3. Serve on juries
4. Defend the nation
B. Responsibilities: Things we SHOULD DO to help our community
1. vote

24. III. Citizens in action C. Shared beliefs
1. Respect for the rights of each individual to equal treatment
2. Appreciation of the cultural contributions
3. Belief in democracy
4. Awareness that it is each citizen’s responsibility to participate thoughtfully in civic life.
D. Service Learning: Examples: cleaning and fixing parks, teaching younger kids to read.