1. General Overview of Communism & the Russian Revolution
AP World History
“The Rise and Fall of World Communism” (1917 – Present)

2. Communism: A General Overview
Socialism = the belief that the economy should be controlled by society, either directly or through the government
Believe in: a classless society, equal distribution of wealth, gender equality, etc.
How is communism different?
It really isn’t very different  think of communists as “extreme socialists”
Socialists believe their ideal society can be achieved slowly through progression and evolution of the government
Communists believe this society can only be achieved by overthrowing the government

3. Communism: A General Overview
Cold War = 1946 – 1991
Global rivalry between the Soviet Union and the U.S.
Capitalism vs. Communism
Divided continents, countries, and cities
Spawned the space race
Spawned a dangerous arms race focused on nuclear weapons

4. Communism: A General Overview
Major countries/regions in the communist “bloc”:
The Soviet Union
Eastern Europe
China
North Korea
North Vietnam
Laos
Cambodia
Cuba
Afghanistan

5. Communism: A General Overview
During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and its allies were brought together by:
Warsaw Pact = military alliance designed to counter NATO
Council on Mutual Economic Assistance = tied together the economies of the Soviet Union and those of Eastern European countries

6. Communism: A General Overview
Communist parties also existed in non-communist countries
1950s = small communist party developed in the U.S.
Sparked fear and political repression
McCarthyism = movement of political repression against communists in the U.S.  involved making accusations of disloyalty and treason without proper regard for evidence
Many people lost their jobs, had their careers destroyed, or were even imprisoned without any evidence that they were communists or communist sympathizers

7. The Russian Revolution (1917)

8. Pre-Revolutionary Russia
Only true autocracy left in Europe
No type of representative political institutions
Nicholas II became czar in 1884
Last ruler from the Romanov family
Believed he was the absolute ruler anointed by God
Russo-Japanese War (1904) = defeat for Russia in this war led to political instability

9. Russian soldiers running from advancing German troops
Russia in WWI
Suffered harsh defeats
Shortages of both food and weapons
Morale in the Russian army = hit rock bottom
Russian civilians suffering at home too
All supplies & food went to the army, not them
Demanded: “PEACE AND BREAD!”
These losses in WWI made Czar Nicholas II very unpopular
Russian soldiers running from advancing German troops

10. Czar Nicholas II & Alexandra
Alexandra = Czar Nicholas II’s wife
Both the Czar and his wife = very unpopular because they were politically incompetent and foolish
Both relied on the guidance of a mystic healer named Rasputin
This also made them look weak and silly

11. Rasputin Known as the “mad monk”
Wandered around Russia, claiming to have special powers
Czar & his wife asked him to cure their son
He had hemophilia
Built up a bad reputation in St. Petersburg
Slept with dozens of women
Alcoholic

12. Alexis: Alexandra’s Son with Hemophilia

13. Death of Rasputin
Killed by the Czar’s relatives in 1916 to save the monarchy
1st = served cake and wine laced with cyanide
No effect – stayed alive
2nd = shot several times
No effect – stayed alive; staggering around wounded and bleeding
3rd = the men pushed his body through a hole in an iced-over river
Moved about for several minutes before dying

14. The March Revolution of 1917
People organized strikes and protests demanding food and fuel
Soldiers who were sent to stop the protests ended up joining the protestors
Czar Nicholas II abdicated (gave up) his power on March 15, 1917
End of the 300-year Romanov dynasty in Russia

15. The Provisional Government
Provisional Government = temporary central government in Russia after the Czar stepped down
Led by: Alexander Kerensky
Saw the war effort as the #1 priority
Had to deal with: soldiers deserting, transportation problems, low arms production, etc.

16. The Provisional Government
Russian masses wanted 3 things:
1) Immediate peace & withdrawal from WWI
2) Transfer of land to the peasants
3) Control of factories by workers
Provisional government did not pull Russia out of the war and did not enact any social reforms
Lost popularity
Led to its downfall

17. The Bolsheviks Bolsheviks = radical revolutionary group in Russia
Wanted a socialist society in Russia
Led by: Vladimir Lenin
Slogan = “Peace, land, and bread!”

18. The Russian Revolution
November 1917
Also known as the: Bolshevik Revolution
Bolsheviks staged a coup d’etat in St. Petersburg
Overthrew the provisional government
Members of the provisional government fled or were arrested
Relatively bloodless
Bolsheviks claimed absolute power

19. The Russian Revolution
Bolsheviks began building a socialist state
Ended private ownership of property
Distributed land among the peasants
Gave workers control of factories and mines
Bolshevik Party = officially renamed the Communist Party in March 1918
Wanted to spread the Communist revolution throughout the world

20. Peace Conference between Russia and Germany
Peace with Germany
Lenin’s 1st order of business = get Russia out of WWI
Signed peace treaty with Germany in March 1918
Russia lost much of its western territory and 1/3 of its population
Peace Conference between Russia and Germany

21. Russian Civil War 1918 – 1921 Communists vs. their political opponents
Political opponents = Royalists, Liberal Democrats, Moderate Socialists, Landlords, etc.
Communists = “the Reds”
Their opponents = “the Whites”

22. Russian Civil War: The Red Army
Communist Army = called the Red Army
Led by Leon Trotsky

23. Russian Civil War Both sides burned villages and killed civilians
In the meantime: workers and peasants were starving and the Russian economy was crumbling

24. Russian Civil War: The Terror
Bolsheviks imposed a policy called “war communism”
Took direct control over all industries
Forced peasants to send food to the cities
Killed the imprisoned Czar & his family
Set up secret police force = the Cheka
Arrested (and often executed) anyone considered an “enemy of the revolution”
Placed severe restrictions on the Russian Orthodox Church
Communists = anti-religion

25. Russian Civil War Lenin = ruled from 1921-1924
“Whites” surrendered in 1921
Outnumbered, disorganized, poorly equipped armies
Lenin and the Communists then had complete control of Russia
Lenin = ruled from
State of Russia = horrible
From = 27 million Russians had died
Economy = in shambles
Peasants = still starving

26. Lenin in Power
1922 = Russia becomes USSR = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics = Soviet Union
New constitution written = makes it a socialist state
In theory = Soviet Union supposed to be run by the workers
But really the Communist Party did

27. Lenin in Power
Lenin died in 1924 at the age of 54

28. Trotsky vs. Stalin Fought for power after Lenin died
Leon Trotsky = leader of the Red Army during the Civil War
Joseph Stalin = General Secretary of the Communist Party
Difference = Trotsky wanted to spread Communism all over the world immediately & Stalin wanted to make it strong in the Soviet Union first

29. Trotsky vs. Stalin Trotsky = closer to Lenin and more well-known
Stalin = outmaneuvered Trotsky politically
Ability to remove and appoint government officials
Once he gained control of the government, he exiled Trotsky to Siberia in 1929
Trotsky eventually moved to Mexico City  Stalin sent an assassin there to kill him

30. Joseph Stalin Ruled the Soviet Union from 1929 – 1953
Responsible for the next major extension of communist control
In Eastern Europe after WWII
Soviet military forces already there after the war  stayed there to help impose communist regimes per Stalin’s orders
Stalin wanted to be surrounded by “friendly” governments as security against invasions from the West