1. Steps in Using the and R Chart
1. Decisions preparatory to the control charts
Objective:
Is specification met?
Does the process need any change?
Does the process need any corrective action?
Set the standard for acceptance/rejection of manufactured or purchased product

2. Steps in Using the and R Chart
Variable
Choose the right variable
Cause and effect diagram (Figure 9.8)
measurable?
economic?
Homogeneous?
Size (minimize variation within group)
Frequency (hourly? daily?)
Forms and methods (Figures 2.7 and 2.8)

3. Steps in Using the and R Chart
2. Starting the control chart
Recording, finding average and range, plotting
For sample size n and number of samples k

4. Steps in Using the and R Chart
3. Determining trial limits
Determine a minimum number of samples
4. Preliminary conclusions
Has the mean shifted?
Is the process producing too many defective items?
5. Revision and use of the control

5. Control Chart for Attributes
Topic
Control charts for attributes
The p and np charts
Variable sample size
Sensitivity of the p chart

6. Control Chart for Attributes
In a control chart for variables, quality characteristic is expressed in numbers. Many quality characteristics (e.g., clarity of glass) can be observed only as attributes, i.e., by classifying into defectives and non-defectives.
If many quality characteristics are measured, a separate control chart for variable will be needed for each quality characteristic. However, the use of one control chart for all the characteristics may be cheaper.

7. Control Chart for Attributes
The cost of collecting data for attributes is less that for the variables
There are various types of control charts for attributes:
The p chart for the fraction rejected
The np chart for the total number rejected
The c chart for the number of defectives
The u chart for the number of defectives per unit

8. Control Chart for Attributes
Poisson Approximation:
Occurrence of defectives may be approximated by Poisson distribution
Given , the expected number of defectives in sample, Probability of c or fewer defectives is given in Table G

9. The p and np Charts The 3-sigma limits for the p chart, for sample I
Note: is the observed mean, p is the expected mean and p0 is the target mean.

10. Variable Sample Size Problems and Solution Approaches
Control limits change with the sample size.
If sample size decreases, the control limits get wider.
If the sample size increases, the control limits get tighter.
Three solutions:
Compute new control limits for every sample
Estimate the average sample size for the immediate future. Compute control limits and use it unless the sample size is substantially different.
Draw several sets of control limits. A plan is to use 3 sets of limits - one for expected sample size, one for minimum and one for maximum.

11. Variable Sample Size Choice Between the p and np Charts
If the sample size varies, p chart, is more appropriate
If the sample size is constant, np chart, may be used

12. Sensitivity of the p Chart
Smaller samples are less sensitive
Smaller samples may not be useful at all e.g., if only 0.1% of the product is rejected
If a control chart is required for a single measurable characteristic, chart will give useful results with a much smaller sample.

13. Problem 6.4: A manufacturer purchases small bolts in cartons that usually contain several thousand bolts. Each shipment consists of a number of cartons. As part of the acceptance procedure for these bolts, 400 bolts are selected at random from each carton and are subjected to visual inspection for certain non-conformities. In a shipment of 10 cartons, the respective percentages of rejected bolts in the samples from each carton are 0, 0, 0.5, 0.75, 0,2.0, 0.25, 0, 0.25, and Does this shipment of bolts appear to exhibit statistical control with respect to the quality characteristics examined in this inspection?

14. Problem 6. 5: An item is made in lots of 200 each
Problem 6.5: An item is made in lots of 200 each. The lots are given 100% inspection. The record sheet for the first 25 lots inspected showed that a total of 75 items did not conform to specifications.
a. Determine the trial limits for an np chart.
b. Assume that all points fall within the control limits. What is your estimate of the process average fraction nonconforming ?
c. If this remains unchanged, what is the probability that the 26th lot will contain exactly 7 nonconforming units? That it will contain 7 or more nonconforming units? (Hint: use Poisson approximation and Table G)