1. Continents change position over time
1.2
Continents change position over time

2. I. Continents join together and split apart
Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift
Continental drift: hypothesis that Earth’s continents are moving apart from a single landmass (Pangaea)
I. Continents join together and split apart

3. A. Pangaea and Continental Drift
Pangaea: all continents joined together to create huge supercontinent
A. Pangaea and Continental Drift

4. Evidence from the Sea Floor
Mid-ocean ridges: huge underwater mountain ranges where new oceanic crust is created
Sea-Floor spreading occurs when melted rock is pushed up to create new oceanic crust; old crust is pulled away to make room for new material
II. The theory of plate tectonics explains how plates and their continents move

5. A. Evidence from the Sea Floor (cont.)
Age of Sea Floor shows that the youngest rock is closest to the ridge, while the oldest rock is farthest away
Ocean Trenches are deep canyons in the sea floor. Dense oceanic crust is being destroyed here; old crust is being destroyed at the same rate as the new crust is forming
A. Evidence from the Sea Floor (cont.)

6. B. Causes of Plate Movement
Convection: heat transfer by the movement of material
Convection current: when the hot, soft rock rises, cools and sinks, then is heated and rises again
B. Causes of Plate Movement

7. C. Putting the Theory Together
Theory of plate tectonics: states that Earth’s lithosphere is made up of huge plates that move over the surface of the Earth
Two plates moving apart are the South American and African plates
Two plates pushing together are the South American and Nazca plates
C. Putting the Theory Together

8. C. Putting the Theory together (cont.)
Two plates scraping past each other are the North American and Pacific plates
Where tectonic plates meet, major earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain ranges appear
C. Putting the Theory together (cont.)