1. MSW Conversion Technologies: Status in Summer 2012
Presented to
the Board of Directors of the
Municipal Review Committee, Inc.
August 1, 2012

2. Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
Goal: Monitor emerging MSW conversion technologies for consideration after 2018 Objectives: 1. Reduce overall net disposal costs post Match facility scale to available in-state MSW 3. Produce products with more value than electricity 4. Minimize risks of unproven technology 5. Reduce environmental impacts and residuals 2

3. Almost 600 vendors of new MSW technologies
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
Recent developments
Per the Waste Conversion Congress, Philadelphia, June 2012
Almost 600 vendors of new MSW technologies
New sources of investment capital
IT companies entering the green tech space
U.S. stimulus programs (DOE, ARRA)
First facilities in the commercialization process
Demos, pilots and scale-ups now in construction
Too soon to get performance, cost or tip fee data
No technology has yet emerged as disruptive 3

4. Produce pelletized fuel for combustion in solid fuel boilers and kilns
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
Approach
Description
Merchant RDF
Produce pelletized fuel for combustion in solid fuel boilers and kilns
High-value RDF
Convert RDF to liquid or gaseous fuels: ethanol, biodiesel, synthetic crude, CNG
One-step conversion
Convert MSW directly to liquid or gaseous fuels
Multi-step conversion
Process MSW in a dirty MRF, then convert individual materials to separate products 4

5. Merchant RDF technologies: five vendors Dongara Pellet Plant
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
Merchant RDF technologies: five vendors
Dongara Pellet Plant
New Biomass Energy
Greenwood Energy
Process Equipment Design Consultants (PEDCON)
Covanta/Waste Management 5

6. Merchant RDF technologies: Dongara
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
Merchant RDF technologies: Dongara
Process: Convert MSW to RDF, then to pelletized fuel product
Market: Sell fuel to solid fuel boilers and kilns
First plant: Vaughn, Ontario, 208,000 tpy
In operation since 2008
More info to come on technology, costs, regulatory issues, product markets
Funding Private partners 6

7. Merchant RDF technologies: New Biomass Energy
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
Merchant RDF technologies: New Biomass Energy
Process: Convert wood chips to fuel pellets
called “torrified wood”
Market: Sell fuel to solid fuel boilers and kilns
First plant: Quitman, MS, 80,000 tpy
Started up early in 2012
Exported two ship-loads of pellets to Europe for test burns 7

8. Merchant RDF technologies: Greenwood Energy
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
Merchant RDF technologies: Greenwood Energy
Process: Convert fiber waste to fuel pellets
Market: Sell fuel to solid fuel boilers and kilns in the upper Midwest.
First plant: Green Bay, WI, 150,000 tpy
Starting up in 2012
Oneida Indian tribe seeks to extend technology to take MSW 8

9. Merchant RDF technologies: PEDCON
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
Merchant RDF technologies: PEDCON
Process: Convert MSW to RDF to fuel pellets
Market: Sell fuel to solid fuel boilers and kilns in the PJM control area.
First plants: Palmer Twp, PA, pilot facility in place
Easton, PA, 65,000 tpy
Starting up in 2012 9

10. Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
Merchant RDF technologies: Covanta Process: Convert MSW to RDF to fuel pellets Market: Sell fuel to solid fuel boilers and kilns in the PJM control area. First plant: WMI transfer station in Philadelphia, 143,000 tpy Under development 10

11. Merchant RDF technologies: summary
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
Merchant RDF technologies: summary
Wood chips, fiber waste and MSW can be converted into fuel pellets
Canadian facility on-line since 2008; U.S. facilities starting up in 2012
Facilities have been funded privately
Market depends on value to solid-fuel boilers and regulatory acceptance
Performance and cost data are not yet available 11

12. High-value RDF technologies: five vendors Enerkem Fiberight Ineos Bio
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
High-value RDF technologies: five vendors
Enerkem
Fiberight
Ineos Bio
BlueFire Ethanol
Fulcrum BioEnergy 12

13. High-value RDF technologies: Enerkem
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
High-value RDF technologies: Enerkem
Process: Gasify RDF, then use catalysts to refine to ethanol and chemicals
Market: Sell in bulk to fuel blenders, refineries and industrial bulk chemical users
First plants: Sherbrooke, Q, pilot plant since 2003
Westbury, Q, 1.3 Mgal/y since 2009
Edmonton, AB, 10 Mgal/y from 300 tpd MSW, start-up 2013
Pontotoc, MS, 10 Mgal/y, in development
Funding: ARRA grants, USDOE loan guarantees 13

14. High-value RDF technologies: Enerkem
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
High-value RDF technologies: Enerkem 14

15. High-value RDF technologies: Fiberight
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
High-value RDF technologies: Fiberight
Process: Prepare RDF, then ferment to alcohols
Market: Sell in bulk to fuel blenders
First plants: Lawrenceville, VA, Q, pilot plant
Blairstown, IA, converted corn ethanol facility, 6 M gal/y, start-up 2013
Elkridge, MD, under development
Funding: ARRA grants, USDOE loan guarantees 15

16. High-value RDF technologies: Ineos Bio
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
High-value RDF technologies: Ineos Bio
Process: Gasify RDF, then ferment to bio-ethanol with bio-catalysts and distill
Market: Sell in bulk to fuel blenders
First plants: Fayetteville, AK, pilot plant
Vero Beach, FL, 150,000 tpy MSW to 8 Mgpy ethanol and 6 MW electricity, starting-up summer 2012
Funding: ARRA grants, USDOE loan guarantees 16

17. High-value RDF technologies: Ineos Bio
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
High-value RDF technologies: Ineos Bio 17

18. High-value RDF technologies: BlueFire Ethanol
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
High-value RDF technologies: BlueFire Ethanol
Process: Mix RDF with agr. residues, then process via concentrated acid hydrolysis and refine to ethanol and other bio-fuels
Market: Sell in bulk to fuel blenders and end-users
First plants: Fulton, MS, 19 Mgal/y from woody biomass only, starting up 2013
Lancaster and Mecca, CA, from post- sorted MSW, under development
Funding: ARRA grants, USDOE loan guarantees 18

19. High-value RDF technologies: Fulcrum BioEnergy
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
High-value RDF technologies: Fulcrum BioEnergy
Process: Gasify RDF, then refine with catalysts
Market: Sell in bulk to fuel blenders and end-users
First plants: McCarran, NV, 10.5 Mgal/y, scheduled for operation 2nd half 2013
Feedstock contracts with Waste Mgmt and Waste Connections
Funding: ARRA grants, USDOE loan guarantees 19

20. High-value RDF technologies: summary
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
High-value RDF technologies: summary
MSW processes are based on experience with other biomass materials
Large-scale facilities with complicated processing
U.S. facilities starting up in 2012 and 2013
Market depends on access to fuel blenders and fuel or chemical end-users with exacting specs
Financing required significant public support
Performance and cost data not yet available 20

21. One-step conversion technologies: five vendors PlascoEnergy AlterNRG
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
One-step conversion technologies: five vendors
PlascoEnergy
AlterNRG
Chinook Energy
Sierra Energy
Covanta CLEERGAS/InenTech 21

22. Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
One-step conversion technologies: PlascoEnergy Process: Gasify by plasma arc torches; clean up gas Market: Burn syngas in GE Jenbacher IC engines First plant: Ottawa, ON, 94 tpd demo plant to be scaled up to 200 tpd by 2014 Funding: Private 22

23. One-step conversion technologies: Alter NRG
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
One-step conversion technologies: Alter NRG
Process: Plasma arc gasification
Market: Burn syngas in engines; convert syngas to ethanol for sale to fuel blenders
First plant: Madison, PA 48 tpd demo project
St. Lucie, FL, project canceled April 2012
Funding: ARRA grants, USDOE loan guarantees
Westnghouse facility in Japan 23

24. One-step conversion technologies: Chinook Energy
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
One-step conversion technologies: Chinook Energy
Process: Gasify organics in batch vessels
Market: Burn syngas in IC engines: convert to fuels
First plants: 18 plants worldwide gasifying organic contaminants in scrap metal
Converting Millville, NJ, plant to gasify MSW
Funding: Private
Concept Beneficiate ferrous and/or FEPR? 24

25. One-step conversion technologies: Chinook Energy
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
One-step conversion technologies: Chinook Energy 25

26. One-step conversion technologies: Sierra Energy
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
One-step conversion technologies: Sierra Energy
Process: Gasify MSW in blast furnace to produce syngas and slag. Modular design.
Market: Convert syngas to CNG, sell slag as aggregate.
First plants: DOD, CA, 5 tpd demonstration plant Sacramento, CA, 50 tpd plant scheduled on-line in 2013, expansion to 200 tpd
Funding: Private, California incentives 26

27. One-step conversion technologies: Sierra Energy
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
One-step conversion technologies: Sierra Energy 27

28. Process: Gasify MSW for combustion in solid fuel boiler
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
One-step conversion technologies: Covanta CLEERGAS using InenTech technology
Process: Gasify MSW for combustion in solid fuel boiler
Market: Generate electricity
First plants: Tulsa, OK, operating at 350 tpd since August 2011.
Funding: Private 28

29. One-step conversion technologies: summary
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
One-step conversion technologies: summary
MSW gasification has been demonstrated technically
Use of syngas in IC engines is being demonstrated, but data are not public
Conversion of syngas to liquid fuels has not been demonstrated. Facilities will start up in 2012 and 2013
Facilities are modular and scalable
Performance and cost data are not yet available 29

30. Multi-step conversion technologies: four vendors Zero Waste Energy
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
Multi-step conversion technologies: four vendors
Zero Waste Energy
W2E Eisenmann
CR&R / Los Angeles County
Harvest Power 30

31. Funding: Private, California incentives
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
Multi-step conversion technologies: Zero Waste Energy with Kompoferm technology
Process: Dirty MRF (unsorted MSW) with digester for organics, advanced recycling lines
Market: Convert bio-gas to CNG; sell recyclables First plant: San Jose, CA, demo plant operating, constructing expansion to 270,000 tpy for start-up in 2013
Funding: Private, California incentives 31

32. Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
Multi-step conversion technologies: W2e Eisenmann Process: Dirty MRF with wet anaerobic digestion of organics to produce bio-gas Market: Generate electricity First plants: Columbia, SC, 48,000 tpy and 3.2 MW, prototype under construction, start-up 2012 Funding: Private 32

33. Multi-step conversion technologies: CR&R
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
Multi-step conversion technologies: CR&R
Process: Dirty MRF with digester for organics, advanced recycling lines
Market: Convert bio-gas to CNG; sell recyclables
First plants: Riverside, CA
Under construction: start-up in 2014
Funding: Private, selected by LA County, CEC grants for bio-fuels 33

34. Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
Multi-step conversion technologies: Harvest Power Process: Anaerobic digestion of source-separated organics. Combust bio-gas in IC engines Market: Generate electricity, sell fertilizer First plants: London, ON, 65,000 tpy, scheduled for start-up 2013 Orlando, FL, scheduled for start-up 2013 Funding: Private 34

35. Multi-step conversion technologies: summary
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
Multi-step conversion technologies: summary
Use dirty MRF technology with mechanical separation and anaerobic digestion
Variety of products, including electricity, CNG, recyclables
Generally uses proven equipment and processes in unproven configurations and applications
Facilities will start up in 2012 and 2013
Performance and cost data are not yet available 35

36. Performance and cost data are not yet available
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
Observations
Multiple pilot and demonstration projects for MSW processing are underway
There is little experience with syngas use or conversion to liquid fuels
Performance and cost data are not yet available
Merchant RDF facilities depend on markets for solid fuels and regulatory acceptance
High-value RDF facilities are large-scale and require access to fuel blenders and users ; not appropriate for PERC 36

37. Need more experience to understand:
Status of MSW Conversion Technologies: MRC Board meeting on August 1, 2012
Observations
One-step conversion technologies are modular and scalable, but syngas uses are not yet demonstrated
Multi-step conversion technologies use proven equipment and processes in new configurations
Need more experience to understand:
Capital costs, O&M costs, life-cycle costs
Restrictions on Acceptable Waste
Success in using syngas
True generation of products, residuals and emissions
Stay tuned – much will be learned this year! 37