1. Chapter 2 Network Infrastructure for E-Commerce 1/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

2. TOPICS Introduction To Information Superhighway (I-way) Components Of The I-way Internet As A Network Infrastructure Intranet And Extranet ◦ ADSL ◦ Wi-fi ◦ Wide Area Wireless, ◦ UMTS (3G) ◦ LTE (4G) ◦ Bluetooth Software Agents (Static And Dynamic) 2/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

3. INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY (I-WAY) 3/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

4. INTRODUCTION  Refers to a suite of advanced communications technology.  It is a physical network and an infrastructure of modern high-speed links.  In practicality, it is identical to internet provider-connections are broadband -they are continuously running.  It is high capacity, interactive electronic pipeline providing integrated services and links to home or offices.  At present I-way means the internet.  The main objective of information superhighway is to transfer audio, video, information, and data combined through a single network and can be made universally accessible to the world. Note: Internet 3.0 is called the information superhighway. It provides high bandwidth link that can simultaneously carry telephone, video and data. 4/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

5.  In short, I - way is a mix of interconnected data highways in many forms - telephone wires, cable TV wire, radio based wireless- cellular and satellite.  It is a global network of computers connected all over the world and is envisioned to provide a high speed access to information in the forms such as text, graphics, audio, video through telephone or wireless connection. “It is a telecommunications infrastructure used for widespread and rapid access to information” “The information superhighway is a physical network, facilitating the broadband, two way transmission of any media of digital information within, its own virtual space.” 5/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

6. DEFINITION : Information Superhighway is a high-speed global communications network that can carry data, voice, video and other services around the world using technology such as the satellite, optical fiber and cellular telecommunications. Information Superhighway allows to share information, connect, and to communicate as a global community. 6/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

7. Requirement of I-way  It helps to make information flow smooth.  acts as a key driver of market forces because e-commerce on the underlying I-way. 7/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

8. Functions of I-way  It helps to develop business relationship among all sort of business and with people all around the world by the help of global information distribution network.  It helps to communicate between the business partners at any location through network communication.  It allows multiple forms of message to be sent and received over the same network. 8/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

9. COMPONENTS OF I-WAY (IMP) 9/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

10. Components Of I-way There are three major components that make up the I-way Infrastructure They are : ◦ 1) Consumer Access Equipment ◦ 2) Local-on-ramps ◦ 3) Global Information Distribution Network 10/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

11. a) NETWORK ACCESS EQUIPMENT Includes hardware and software vendors, who provide physical devices such as routers and switches, access devices such as computers and set-top boxes, and software platforms such as browsers and operating systems. Hardware and software vendors: who provide ◦ Set-top boxes. ◦ Computers. ◦ Switches, hubs, routers. ◦ Software platforms such as browser operating systems. 11/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

12. SHORT NOTES : Set-top Boxes  A set-top box (STB) is an information appliance device that generally contains a TV-tuner input and displays output to a television set.  It enables a television set to become a user interface to the Internet and also enables a television set to receive and decode digital television (DTV) broadcasts.  DTV set-top boxes are sometimes called receivers.  A set-top box is necessary to television viewers who wish to use their current analog television sets to receive digital broadcasts.  A set-top box is really a specialized computer that can "talk to" the Internet - that is, it contains a Web browser and the Internet's main program, TCP/IP.  Digital television set-top boxes are used for satellite, cable, and terrestrial DTV services. They are especially important for terrestrial services because they guarantee viewers free television broadcasting. 12/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

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14. Switches  In a telecommunications network, a switch is a device that channels incoming data from any of multiple input ports to the specific output port that will take the data toward its intended destination.  On LAN, a switch determines from the physical device (Media Access Control or MAC) address in each incoming message frame which output port to forward it to and out of.  In a wide area packet-switched network such as the Internet, a switch determines from the IP address in each packet which output port to use for the next part of its trip to the intended destination.  On larger networks, the trip from one switch point to another in the network is called a hop.  The time a switch takes to figure out where to forward a data unit is called its latency. 14/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

15. Switches create a network. Routers connect networks. A router links computers to the Internet, so users can share the connection. A router acts as a dispatcher, choosing the best path for information to travel so it's received quickly. 15/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

16. Hub  A hub is a common connection point for devices in a network.  Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of a LAN and contains multiple ports.  When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all packets.  Hubs and switches serve as a central connection for all of your network equipment and handles a data type known as frames. Frames carry data.  When a frame is received, it is amplified and then transmitted on to the port of the destination PC.  In a hub, a frame is passed along or "broadcast" to every one of its ports. It doesn't matter that the frame is only destined for one port. 16/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

17. Routers In packet-switched networks such as the Internet, A router is a device or, in some cases, software in a computer, that determines the next network point to which a packet should be forwarded toward its destination. The router is connected to at least two networks and decides which way to send each information packet based on its current understanding of the state of the networks it is connected to. A router is located at any gateway (where one network meets another), including each point-of-presence on the Internet. A router is often included as part of a network switch. 17/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

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19. b)LOCAL ON-RAMPS(Local or access roads, or on-ramps) Simplify linkages between businesses, schools, and homes to the communications backbone. These backbone access providers link users and e-commerce application providers. Requirement of huge investment. Also known as “last mile”. Before consumers select a provider, they should decide which services they want to access in the electronic market place and then research which options best suit their needs. Providers of access ramps can be differentiated into four categories: ◦ Telecom based infrastructure ◦ Cable TV-based infrastructure ◦ Wireless infrastructure ◦ Commercial online infrastructure 19/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

20. Telephone Based Infrastructure 20/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

21.  Telecom Industries provide high-speed electronic pipeline which is capable for carrying large amount of text, audio, video etc.  These Industries provide network infrastructure for long distance and local telephone communication.  These days, the company has replaced line trunks high capacity Optical Fiber. 21/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

22. Cable TV based infrastructure 22/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

23.  Cable television system provide high capacity broadband network infrastructure to connect large number of customers with their systems.  These systems adopt digital transmission of data and can be useful for transmitting information from ecommerce application consumers.  It can be of two types- wired cable TV, wireless cable TV 23/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

24. Wireless infrastructure 24/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

25. c) GLOBAL INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION NETWORK Global information distribution network the present infrastructure that help to distribute the information across the country and continent. The infrastructure could exist in the vast network fiber optics, coaxial cable, radio waves and satellite. The most dominant high speed information distribution networks are fiber optics long distance Network and satellites. Long distance network This connectivity is available via the Optical Fiber. It is one of the advanced technology capable of providing higher bandwidth and also protection from the electromagnetic interference. 25/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

26. Satellite network Provide the boundary less communication over the countries and continent irrespective of time and location. It is accessible from any spot on the globe and can provide broadband Digital Service including voice data and video. 26/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

27. INTRANET AND EXTRANET 27/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

28. INTRANET  Is a private computer network that uses internet protocols, network connectivity, and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organization's information or operations with its employees.  For example – companies internal website  It is private version of the internet.  Is a private network accessible only to an organization's staff.  Accessible only by the organization's members, employees, or others with authorization. 28/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

29. ADVANTAGES :  It is browser based system so anyone can use within the enterprise.  It is very easy to publish the pages and display information on local web.  It is lower cost communication system.  It is easy to use and it is user friendly in operation.  It is easy to develop and has low maintenance cost  It is easily costumed to use.  It is applicable for most of the office application. 29/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

30. DISADVANTAGES  Not powerful for performing the collaborative work.  Has limited tools for linking internet service to the database.  Cannot replace all type of business application. 30/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

31. BUSINESS VALUE OF INTRANET : Communication And Collaboration: Intranet is a private network that exist within a enterprise and can improve communication and collaboration within the enterprises. For example it is possible to use local web browsers, email, voice mail, etc. It helps for collaboration work by using chatting groups, audio and video application within the enterprise. Web Publishing: Business house can publish some local web sides and globally accessible web pages using intranet and further to internet. Local web publishing is possible within the enterprise for sharing information, communication and other collaboration work. Business Operation And Management: It supports the business process and management by - providing proper information to decision makers. It supports order processing, inventory management and other processes using intranet application. 31/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

32. EXTRANET  Extranet is a private network that uses Internet protocols, network connectivity, and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of a business's information or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers or other businesses.  Is a part of a company's Intranet that is extended to users outside the company  It is a network structure that use internet technology to interconnect the Intranet of a business with the intranets of its customers suppliers or other business partners.  Extranet is an Intranet for outside authorized users using same internet technology.  Inter-organizational information system.  Enable outsiders to work together with company’s employees.  Open to selected suppliers, customers & other business partners 32/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

33. ADVANTAGES OF EXTRANET  Delivery of accurate information on time.  Improved customer service.  Better communication.  Overall improvement in business effectiveness.  Extranets can improve organization productivity by automating processes that were previously done manually (e.g. reordering of inventory from suppliers)  Information on an extranet can be updated, edited and changed instantly.  Can improve relationships with key customers, providing them with accurate and updated information. 33/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

34. DISADVANTAGES  The suppliers & customer who don’t have technical knowledge feel problem.  Information can be misused by other competitors.  Fraud may be possible.  Technical Employees are required.  Extranets can be expensive to implement and maintain within an organization.  Security is a big concern to avoid sensitive information falling in the wrong hands.  Can reduce personal contact with customers and business partners. 34/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

35. COMPONENTS OF EXTRANET TCP/IP protocols, E-mail, Web-browsers, External business partners & Tele-commuting employees place order, check status & send E- mail. 35/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

36. BUSINESS VALUE OF EXTRANETS  It has a network structure that helps to get access and share information between customer, suppliers and other business partners that makes fast business process.  It enable a company to offer new kinds of interactive web- enabled services to their business partners.  It helps to improve the collaboration between customers, suppliers and business partner which facilitate an online interactive product development, marketing and customer focused process.  It helps to maintain good processing for supply chain management. 36/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

37. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN INTRANET AND AN EXTRANET  An intranet is a network where employees can create content, communicate, collaborate, get stuff done, and develop the company culture.  An extranet is like an intranet, but also provides controlled access to authorized customers, vendors, partners, or others outside the company.  Much like an extranet, an intranet is a private, secured network designed to facilitate collaboration and make it easier to communicate and share documents in real time.  The major difference between the two an intranet is typically used internally. While an extranet allows businesses to communicate with clients and vendors, an intranet allows employees and colleagues to work with each other in a virtual space no outside parties are involved. 37/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

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40. BROADBAND TECHNOLOGY 40/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

41. BROADBAND TECHNOLOGY  Early 1999,US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) which regulates telecommunications and Broadcasting in USA issued definition of broadband, which is widely accepted.  Broadband refers to the transmission medium or physical connection with which user can access the internet at high speed faster way.  Its access can be done through any medium copper, fiber or wireless. 41/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

42. DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGY USED IN NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE ADSL Wi-Fi, Wide Area Wireless UMTS (3G) LTE (4G), Bluetooth 42/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

43. ADSL 43/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

44.  DSL is a wire line transmission technology that transmits data faster over traditional copper telephone lines already installed to homes and businesses.  DSL-based broadband provides transmission speeds ranging from several hundred Kbps to millions of bits per second (Mbps).  The availability and speed of your DSL service may depend on the distance from our home or business to the closest telephone company facility. Types of DSL transmission technologies ( X DSL)  Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)  Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL)  High data rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL)  Very High data rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) 44/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

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46.  Short for asymmetric digital subscriber line.  ADSL is a type of DSL broadband communications technology used for connecting to the Internet.  It is used primarily by residential customers, such as Internet surfers, who receive a lot of data but do not send much.  ADSL typically provides faster speed in the downstream direction than the upstream direction.  ADSL allows faster downstream data transmission over the same line used to provide voice service without disrupting regular telephone calls on that line. ASYMMETRICAL DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (ADSL) 46/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

47.  ADSL allows more data to be sent over existing copper telephone lines.  Subscriber should be within a radius of 2 to 2.5 miles from the service provider central office.  ADSL supports data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps when receiving data (known as the downstream rate) and from 16 to 640 Kbps when sending data (known as the upstream rate).  (ADSL) is a type of digital subscriber line (DSL) technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines.  Bandwidth (and bit rate) is greater toward the customer premises (known as downstream) than the reverse (known as upstream). This is why it is called asymmetric. 47/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

48.  It is used typically by businesses for services such as video conferencing, which need significant bandwidth both upstream and downstream.  SDSL typically falls between ADSL and T1/E1 in price and was mainly targeted at small and medium businesses who don't need the service guarantees of higher performance of a leased line. SYMMETRICAL DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (SDSL) 48/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

49.  High-bit-rate digital subscriber line (HDSL) was the first DSL technology to use a higher frequency spectrum of copper, twisted pair cables.  HDSL was developed in the US, as a better technology for high- speed, synchronous circuits typically used to interconnect local exchange carrier systems, and also to carry high-speed corporate data links and voice channels, using T1 lines.  HDSL service types include HDSL1, HDSL2 and HDSL4 and are typically transmitted over twisted pair cables or over fiber optics. HIGH DATA RATE DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (HDSL) 49/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

50.  It is a digital subscriber line(DSL) technology providing data transmission faster than ADSL over a single flat untwisted or twisted pair of copper wires.  These rates mean that VDSL is capable of supporting applications such as high-definition television as well as telephone services (voice over IP) and general Internet access, over a single connection. VERY-HIGH-BIT-RATE DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (VDSL OR VHDSL) 50/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

51.  VDSL is deployed over existing wiring used for analog telephone service and lower-speed DSL connections.  VDSL is being rolled out mostly in the Hotel Industry by a private Network Solution Integrator company 51/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

52. Advantages And Disadvantages AdvantageDisadvantage  High speed connection  Use of the phone line while connected  No extra wiring, uses the existing phone line  Service not available everywhere  ADSL works better when closer to the ISP company  Variable speed depending upon the time of the day 52/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

53.  Wireless broadband connects a home or business to the Internet using a radio link between the customer’s location and the service provider’s facility. Wireless broadband can be mobile or fixed.  Wireless technologies using longer-range directional equipment provide broadband service in remote or sparsely populated areas where DSL or cable modem service would be costly to provide. Speeds are generally comparable to DSL and cable modem. An external antenna is usually required.  Wireless broadband can deliver fast Internet access by using radio waves instead of cables. Wireless Internet connections come in two forms:  Wi-Fi  Wide area wireless WIRELESS 53/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

54.  It uses a network of fixed antenna to allow users to connect to high speed Internet wirelessly over the rather than through cables.  It covers large areas such as cities.  It allows users to have broadband connections not only in their homes or office, but also to the coverage areas of the network.  Uses smart Antennas to direct signal to its intended receiver. WIDE AREA WIRELESS 54/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

55. The main Technologies used in wide area wireless are - ◦ GSM (global system for mobile communication) ◦ CDMA (code division multiplexing) ◦ WiMAX 55/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

56. GSM (global system for mobile communication)  stands for global system for mobile communication  It is a second generation mobile telephony system.  Used for transmitting mobile voice and Data Services.  It is circuit switched system.  It operates on mobile communication bands 900 MHz and 1800 MHz.  It provides advanced voice and Data Services  It uses SIM (subscriber identity module) that contains user account information.  It also includes short messaging service(SMS) which enables user to send 160 character text message to each other.  It has 4 basic elements-  Mobile station  BTS(best transreceiver station)  BSC(base station controller)  MSC(mobile switching centre) 56/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

57. CDMA (code division multiplexing)  It is a digital cellular technology used for mobile communication.  Play important role in building efficient, robot and Secure radio communication system.  Provide 10 times the calling capacity of earlier analogue network and 5 times the capacity of GSM system.  Constantly provides better capacity for voice and data communication and allow users to connect at any given time 57/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

58. WiMAX  Stands for worldwide interoperability for microwave access.  It is based on wireless MAN Technology  It uses radio waves to transmit signal.  It is expected to deliver broadband access services to residential and Enterprise customers in an economical way.  Wimax operate similar to WiFi but at higher speed and can cover great distance and great number of users.  It has the ability to provide services in the areas that are difficult for wired infrastructure.  Can offer up to 40 Mbps capacity for wireless channel.  It can support video and voice as well as Internet data.  It is also designed to provide broadband connectivity to mobile devices.  It consists of two major parts-  Wimax base station  Wimax receiver 58/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

59. Difference between WiFi and WiMAX Wi-Fi  It can be accessed only few hundred feet and speed up to 54 mbps.  It is used for LAN application  Does not guarantee any QoS. WiMAX  It can cover a large range up to 40 miles and speed up to 70 mbps.  This design to support for hundreds of consumers equipment.  Provide several levels of QoS. 59/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

60. Advantage Allows users to move while using the device. New nodes can be added easily. Can be used where not possible to run cables or drill holes Can give access to the internet even away from home Disadvantage Must require LOS between transmitter and the receiver Suffers from security risk. BW can be limited in the congested network. 60/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

61. WIFI (WIRELESS FIDELITY) OR 802.11  Wi-Fi is designed for communication between devices such as computers and printers.  It is used to set up private wireless network in home or offices allowing us to move and still being connected to the Internet.  Wi-Fi networks use unlicensed devices and can be designed for private access within a home or business, or be used for public Internet access at "hot spots" such as restaurants, coffee shops, hotels, airports, convention centers, and city parks.  Is private wireless network used in homes or office  Has a range of 90 m.  Provide public high speed internet in locations like café, hotels etc 61/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

62.  Is a technology that allows electronic devices to connect to a wireless LAN (WLAN) network  The term "Wi-Fi" is used synonym for "WLAN".  Devices which can use Wi-Fi technology include personal computers, video-game consoles, smart phones, digital cameras, tablet computers and digital audio players.  Has a range of about 20 meters (66 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors.  Hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometers achieved by using multiple overlapping access points. 62/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

63. How Wi-fi Works ?  Wi-Fi works with no physical wired connection between sender and receiver by using radio frequency (RF) technology.RF  A frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio wave propagate. When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, an electromagnetic field is created that then is able to propagate through space.  The cornerstone of any wireless network is an access point (AP). The primary job of an access point is to broadcast a wireless signal that computers can detect and "tune" into.AP  In order to connect to an access point and join a wireless network, computers and devices must be equipped with wireless network adapters 63/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

64. BLUETOOTH  It is "short-link" radio technology.  Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances  Bluetooth is a standardized protocol for sending and receiving data via a 2.4GHz wireless link.  Secure protocol, and it’s perfect for short-range, low-power, low- cost, wireless transmissions between electronic devices.  Serves an excellent protocol for wirelessly transmitting relatively small amounts of data over a short range (<100m).  Suited as a wireless replacement for serial communication interfaces.  Bluetooth is a packet-based protocol with a master-slave structure.  One master may communicate with up to seven slaves. 64/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

65. All devices share the master's clock. Packet exchange is based on the basic clock, defined by the master, which ticks at 312.5 µs intervals. Note- Bluetooth is a standard wire-replacement communications protocol primarily designed for low-power consumption, and a short range data transmission. 65/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

66. BASIC USES Cable replacement Voice and data access. Temporary networking- up to 8 devices can be Networked at a time. 66/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

67. LIST OF APPLICATIONS  Used in mobile phone headset.  Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a Bluetooth compatible car stereo system.  Wireless streaming of audio to headphones with or without communication capabilities.  Wireless networking between PCs in a confined space and where little bandwidth is required.  Wireless communication with PC input and output devices, the most common being the mouse, keyboard and printer.  Transfer of files, contact details, calendar appointments, and reminders between devices. 67/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

68. LTE  Stands for Long-Term Evolution.  Commonly marketed as 4G LTE.  It is the next level after 3G UMTS Technology.  Works with IP.  Standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals.  Was first proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan in 2004.  It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies.  Objective is to increase the capacity and speed using a different radio interface together with core network improvements.  The standard is developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)..  Data rate of 100 mbps. 68/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

69. The LTE standard supports only packet switching with its all-IP network. Voice calls in GSM, UMTS and CDMA2000 are circuit switched. The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of 300 Mbit/s, uplink peak rates of 75 Mbit/s. 69/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

70. Advantages  Increase data transfer speed.  More cost effectiveness.  Improvement over 3G network 70/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

71. UMTS  Stands for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS).  Is a third generation mobile cellular system for networks based on the GSM standard.  For voice and data transmission.  Packet based networks for an increased amount of traffic on a medium.  Is a 3G networking standard used throughout much of the world as an upgrade to existing GSM mobile networks.  Developed and maintained by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project).  UMTS networks are generally capable of downlink speeds as fast as 384kbps.  UMTS uses wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) radio access technology to offer high bandwidth to mobile network operators. 71/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

72. Note :  It is a so-called "third-generation (3G)," broadband, packet -based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, and multimedia at data rates up to and possibly higher than 2 megabits per second ( Mbps ), offering a consistent set of services to mobile computer and phone users no matter where they are located in the world.  UMTS allows a computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet as they travel and, as they roaming service, have the same set of capabilities no matter where they travel to. Users will have access through a combination of terrestrial wireless and satellite transmissions. 72/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

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74. Internet As A Network Infrastructure  Internet links computers for sharing the information using the TCP/IP protocols.  It helps document to be accessible through using the Internet.  It permits different facilities such as-  Electronic mail: Allows us to send and receive email.  Telnet: Allows us to log into another computer and use it as if they were our own.  FTP: Allows our computers to rapidly receive Complex file from remote computers and view them and receive them on our computer. Information database  It also helps us to access to text database and virtual libraries containing both text and multimedia information. 74/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

75. Information Processing Services It contains remote access to variety of software programs including operation research, simulation and visualization tools. Resource Sharing Services It provides access to the printers and other processing services that enable us to use underutilized machine. Group Communication It helps in group conferencing, tele-meeting services with interactive multimedia and conferencing negotiation, decision support system and distance learning education across National boundaries. 75/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

76. SOFTWARE AGENTS 76/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

77. What Is Software Agent ?  A software agent is a persistent, goal-oriented computer program that reacts to its environment and runs without continuous direct supervision to perform some function for an end user or another program.  Software agents can activate and run themselves, not requiring input from or interaction with a human user.  Software agent performs the task which are tedious and act as a burden and that requires automation.  Difference between the software agent and conventional program that program- software agents work with goals in mind while conventional program execute directly from the Stored memory. 77/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

78. Software agents differ from other programs in the following ways-  Managing the information overload: What is useful for filtering and sorting the input data so that it is easy to find and analyze data for managers.  Decision making support- it help work in decision making by interacting with expert system.  Repetitive office activity- it perform repetitive task and reduces labor cost and thus increases business productivity 78/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

79. WHY DO WE REQUIRE THE SOFTWARE AGENT THEN ?  Because everyday task are computer based  To deal with vast amount of dynamic, unstructured information  More users are untrained.  Manage the information overload  Decision support  In decision making area  Repetitive office activity  Search and retrieval 79/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

80. Features of software agent Autonomous- once launched, it is able to work independently without the guidance of owner. Learning- they have the capacity to learn from the environment in which it is running. Reasoning- they have the capacity of making rule based reasoning in the changing environment. Corporation- it must be able to interact with other agents working with similar problems. 80/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

81. Component of software agent While developing software agent, programmers need to include essential components.  Owner- software agent must have owner, so that it knows whom to refer if there is any problem.  Author- it is the name of the person who developed agent.  Lifetime - it is the time for the agent to live. If its like time is known then it can be killed after it has finished Its mission so that no more bandwidth is consumed.  Account - it is the link to owner account, so that it becomes easy for the urgent to bill owner and pay for the services.  Goal- it represent the measure for success. 81/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

82. TYPES OF SOFTWARE AGENT: There are two types – 1)Static Agent 2)Mobile/ dynamic Agent 82/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

83. Static software agent resides on a server and provides expert advice or services locally. It uses embedded knowledge to process the incoming information. Mail agent and filtering agent are the examples of static Agents. Mail agents are responsible for replying email automatically and filtering agent are responsible for processing a large volume of Information and extracting summary information from it. Dynamic agent executes on a remote computer and then return results to the computer. Dynamic agents are also called mobile or roaming agent. Software agents that search the internet and returns the cheapest product of a particular brand is an example of a dynamic agent. The static and Dynamic agent need to collaborate with each other in order to perform a complex task. Thames- Anjan Chaudhary83/87

84. STATIC AGENT It sits on the server and actively monitors the environment. An agent is capable to receive command from computer users and can act intelligently to do those task(s) which has been delegated by computer users. During this activities, an agent basically can interact with the environment, learn and then using its knowledge to do its task without much interaction and command from computer users. In short, it do not roam around the online world but use embedded knowledge to assist in filtering and processing the volume of incoming information. 84/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

85. DYNAMIC AGENT /Mobile agent  Advance form of an agent that incorporate mobility and allows to execute commands living on the remote server and only reporting to its home base if the task is accomplished.  Software that actually travels around the web collecting data.  Reduces traffic on the network. Only the relevant data is forwarded.  It is responsible for processing large volume of information and extracting summary information from it.  Is also called mobile on roaming agent.  For example- it searches the Internet and return the cheapest product of some particular brand.  Another example, searches for new jobs and then post jobs in any social networking site. A mobile agent is a program which represents a user in a computer network, and is capable of migrating autonomously from node to node, to performs some computation on behalf of the user. 85/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

86. BENEFITS OF MOBILE AGENT Reduces communication cost Utilize limited resources for businesses processes Provides environment for free market trading service Flexible maintenance - to change an agent's actions, only the source (rather than the computation hosts) must be updated Bandwidth conversion which is conversion the bandwidth one host to another host. Reduction compilation time Parallel processing -asynchronous execution on multiple heterogeneous network hosts Dynamic adaptation - actions are dependent on the state of the host environment 86/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

87. EXAM QUESTIONS 1. What is information super highway(I-way) 2. Importance of I-way and its component. 3. Difference between TCP/UDP. 4. What is communication protocol 5. What is software agent and its types? 87/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary

88. END 88/87Thames- Anjan Chaudhary