1. Packet #5
Ions
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2. How Ions are Formed There is a change in the number of electrons
One way of changing the number of electrons is via the Redox Reaction
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3. Redox Reaction Has two parts that MUST occur simultaneously Oxidation
The loss of an electron
Results in an ion having a positive charge
Cation
Reduction
The gain of one or more electrons
Results in an ion having a negative charge
Anion
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4. Redox Reaction
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5. Inorganic Ions
Have you noticed the “nutrition information” found on packaged foods
The list includes a number of minerals such as sodium, calcium and iron.
These minerals, inorganic ions, typically make up 1% of an organism’s weight
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6. List of Inorganic Ions & Functions I
Nitrate NO-3
Ammonia NH+4
Nitrogen is a component of amino acids, proteins, vitamins, coenzymes, nucleotides and chlorophyll.
Some hormones contain nitrogen.
Auxins in plants
Insulin in animals
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7. List of Inorganic Ions & Functions II
Phosphate PO-34
Orthophosphate H2PO-4
A component of nucleotides, ATP and some proteins
Used in the phosphorylation of sugars during Cell Respiration
Major component of bone and teeth
Component of cell membranes in the form of phospholipids
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8. List of Inorganinc Ions & Functions III
Sulfate SO2-4
Sulfur is a component of some proteins and certain coenymes
ACoA
Acetyl coenzyme A
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9. List of Inorganic Ions & Functions IV
Potassium K+
Sodium Na+
Helps maintain the electrical, osmotic and anion/cation balance across cell membranes.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Assists in the process of active transport (Packet # )of certain materials across the cell membrane.
Necessary for protein synthesis (Packet # ) and is a cofactor in photosynthesis and cell respiration.
A constituent of sap vacuoles in plants and helps to maintain turgidity.
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10. Potassium Deficiency

11. List of Inorganic Ions & Functions V
Calcium Ca2+
In plants, calcium pectate is a major component middle lamella of cell walls and is therefore necessary for their proper development.
Aids in the translocation of carbohydrates and amino acids.
In animals, it is the main constituent of bones, teeth and shells.
Needed for the clotting of blood and contraction of muscles.
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12. List of Inorganic Ions & Functions VI
Chlorine Cl-
Helps maintain the electrical, osmotic and anion/cation balance across cell membranes.
Needed for the formation of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice.
Gastric juice found in the stomach and is used during the process of digestion
Assists in the transport of carbon dioxide by blood
Chloride Shift
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13. List of Inorganic & Functions VII
Magnesium Mg2+
A component of chlorophyll.
An activator for some enzymes
ATP synthase
Component of bones and teeth
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14. List of Inorganic Ions & Functions VIII
Iron Fe2+ or Fe3+
A component of electron carriers
Cytochromes
Used in cell respiration and photosynthesis
A component of certain enzymes
Dehydrogenases
Decarboxylases
Peroxidases
Catalase
Required in the synthesis of chlorophyll
Forms part of the heme group in respiratory pigments such as hemoglobin, hemoerythrin, myoglobin and chlorocruorin.
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15. pH

16. pH
The pH scale will tell us how willing a compound is in giving hydrogen ions (H+)
Bronsted-Lowry Acid
A substance that donates a hydrogen ion (H+)
Bronsted-Lowry Base
A substance that accepts a hydrogen ion (H+)
Illustrate showing water as an example, or, HCl in water
H3O+ (Hydronium)
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17. pH
The exact strength of an acid, HA, in a water solution is described using the equilibrium constant, Keq for the acid dissociation equilibrium
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18. Henderson-Hasselbach Equation
Derivation of equation
See notes on board

19. Keq

21. Acid Base Reaction Using H2O (Base) and HCl (Acid)
H2O = Water
HCl = Hydrochloric Acid
The hydrogen in the compound HCl donates/gives it’s electron to Cl
Hydrogen will have a positive charge because it is missing an electron and Chlorine will have a negative charge because it has gained an electron (These are called ions; H+ and Cl-)
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22. Acid Base Reaction Continued
The oxygen atom, located in the water molecule and is electronegative, decides to give the Hydrogen ion an electron
Hydrogen attaches to H2O to make H3O+
It has a positive charge because the Hydrogen ion attached missing an electron
H3O+ is called the Hydronium ion
In the end as a result of the Acid-Base Reaction, the end produces are H3O+ and Cl-

23. Acid Base Reaction

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25. Isotopes
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26. Isotopes
Atoms can sometimes gain one, or more neutrons without altering the overall charge
Example
Deuterium
A hydrogen atom that has gained a second neutron
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27. Isotopes
One of two or more atoms with very nearly identical chemical properties but a different atomic mass
Atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic mass
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28. Isotopes

29. Radioactive Isotopes Isotopes can be unstable and radioactive
The nucleus spontaneously decays
Can result in a change in the number of protons
Half life
Time required for the radioactivity of material taken in by a living organism to be reduced to half its initial value by a combination of biological elimination processes and radioactive decay.
Radioactive Isotope
Are used as a diagnostic agent in medicine
Dating fossils
Key argument in the theory of evolution
Is this system flawed?

30. Half Life