1. The Holocaust Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus Nazi Anti-Semitism
The “Final Solution”
Faces of History: Anne Frank
The World Reacts

2. The Holocaust Main Idea Reading Focus
During World War II, Germany’s Nazi government deliberately murdered some 6 million Jews and 5 million others in Europe. These actions became known as the Holocaust.
Reading Focus
What was the history of Nazi anti-Semitism during the 1930s?
What was the Nazi government’s “Final Solution”?
How did the world react to Hitler’s efforts to destroy European Jews?

3. Nazi Anti-Semitism
At the time of Hitler’s rise to power, 9 million Jews lived in Europe.
Hitler blamed Jews for Germany’s problems
Promoted belief of racial superiority of German people
No factual basis for anti-Semitism
No factual basis for claims about “master race”
Many Germans found Hitler’s twisted vision appealing
Germans had suffered through World War I
Humiliation of Treaty of Versailles
Economic crises of 1920s and 1930s
Jews a convenient scapegoat, blamed for wrongs in Germany

5. Long History of Anti-Semitism
In Europe
Hostility based on religion
Under Hitler
Hatred based on race
Nuremberg Laws
Separate legal status for German Jews
Deportation
Thousands of Jews deported

7. Limited emigration options
Nazi laws left Jews without money, without property
Countries unwilling to take in poor immigrants
Aftermath of Great Depression
Nations recovering economically; jobs scarce
Strict limits set on number of Germans allowed in
250,000 Jews trapped at start of war
Germany outlawed emigration late in 1941

8. Describe Nazi anti-Semitism in the 1930s.
Summarize
Describe Nazi anti-Semitism in the 1930s.
Answer(s): Jews had separate legal status, no citizenship and no right to hold government jobs, limited right to work and own property; thousands of Jews deported

10. The “Final Solution” Conquered areas of Europe
Millions of Jews came under Hitler’s power
Nazi leaders adopted “Final Solution”—the deliberate mass execution of Jews
Killing begins
Brutal treatment of Jewish civilians
Forced to live in ghettos within a city
400,000 Jews confined to Warsaw ghetto
Concentration camps
Slave labor camps set up to hold these “enemies of the state”
Cruel medical experiments
Large-scale executions with civilians gunned down

14. After 1941
After Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union, Hitler called for the destruction of all European Jews.
Mobile killing units
Carried out large-scale executions
Babi Yar: a ravine in the Ukrainian capital Kiev and a site of a series of massacres carried out by the Nazis during their campaign against the Soviet Union.
35,000 Jews murdered
Einsatzgruppen
Germans did not want world to know
Special death camps established
Gas chambers and furnaces used
Too much evidence
6 million Jews died in genocidal campaign called Holocaust
Nazis killed 5 million others they considered “inferior” as well
Victims

16. Find the Main Idea
What was the Final Solution, and how did the Nazis attempt to carry out this plan?
Answer(s): Nazi leaders adopted a plan they called the "Final Solution"—the deliberate, mass execution of Jewish prisoners.

18. The World Reacts
Other countries were aware of Hitler’s anti-Semitism in the 1930s. After the outbreak of war, the extent of Hitler’s brutality was shielded from the outside world.
By 1942, people heard disturbing reports of widespread killings
Reports confirmed; no concrete action was taken
War Refugee Board established in 1944, aided 200,000 Jews
Reports of killings
Allies primarily concerned with larger war effort
Camps and railroad lines not bombed
Apathy and anti-Semitism also contributed
Government inaction
As the Allies pushed Germans back, the concentration camps were discovered, in spite of German attempts to cover up evidence.

21. Auschwitz Actions revealed Buchenwald and other camps Scenes of horror
January 1945, Soviet troops found starving survivors at Auschwitz
Evidence showed number of prisoners once held there
Buchenwald and other camps
April 1945, Americans reached Buchenwald to find thousands of corpses; remaining inmates near death
British reached Bergen-Belsen camp, finding 35,000 bodies
Scenes of horror
Hardened combat veterans unable to describe the death and destruction
Clear picture of Hitler’s control
Nazi hopes of world domination would not last

26. How did the world react to Nazi killing of Jews and other prisoners?
Summarize
How did the world react to Nazi killing of Jews and other prisoners?
Answer(s): At first they didn't believe them, but as the reports were confirmed, they met to discuss possible responses. In January 1944, the United States established the War Refugee Board to help rescue Jews in Europe.

27. Martin Niemöller
In Germany, they came first for the Communists, And I didn’t speak up because I wasn’t a Communist; And then they came for the trade unionists, And I didn’t speak up because I wasn’t a trade unionist; And then they came for the Jews, And I didn’t speak up because I wasn’t a Jew; And then they came for me And by that time there was no one left to speak up.