1. Networking basics
Chapter 1
8-10 days including test

2. objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to:
Define & identify different types of networks
Describe the advantages & disadvantages of network types
Describe & identify topologies
Identify the OSI model, why it’s used, and what happens at each layer
Describe various protocols
Compare and contrast TCP and UDP
Convert binary to decimal to hexadecimal

3. 1.1
Networking overview

4. Intro to networks What is a network? Networks consist of:
Group of interconnected devices able to share info with each other
Networks consist of:
Hosts/Nodes
Connecting Media
Network interface
Protocols (standards)
Network benefits
Share peripherals
Consolidate storage
Group collaboration/communication
File sharing, , social media, VoIP, websites

5. Network types: peer to peer
Hosts don’t have a specific role
Can provide & consume network services
Multiple devices connected by a networking device. This can also be done wirelessly.
No Server; No one PC has control over others; remains small- 10 or less PCs
SOHO & home networks usually use peer to peer.

6. Network types: peer to peer
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Easy & inexpensive to implement
No special network OS to buy
Uses PC’s OS
Easy to configure to share storage & printing
Not scalable
Bigger = difficult to manage
Usually limited to 10
No centralized controls
No centralized storage
Possible slower performance
On the storage device PC, files other people put on there could be accidently deleted.
Decentralized storage- each PC will need to be backed up; data is not organized because it’s across many PCs.
Slower performance to handle requests

7. Network types: client-server
Provides a resource/service, like or web pages
server/web server
Client
Consumes network services
Requests & displays info from a server
PC with web browser to display pages from web server
Clients: Have regular desktop OS & client software to connect to the server & use shared resources.
Servers: Has a network OS to provide services only. Centrally set up user account (logins); optimized to handle heavy processing loads;

8. Network types: client-server
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Very scalable (easy to expand/grow)
Easy to support
Centralized management
Data protection
Backup shared data on server
More expensive!
Separate server & network OS needed
Advanced planning to setup

9. Networking terms Need More Help? Watch Test Out Video 1.1.3 10:58
Addressing
Subnet
LAN
MAN
WAN
Internet
Intranet
Extranet
Need More Help?
Watch Test Out Video 1.1.3
10:58

10. Local area network Over a small area
CONNECTS END DEVICES IN A SMALL AREA LIKE HOME, SMALL OFFICE.
USUALLY ONE ADMINISTRATOR.
FAST SPEED INSIDE THE NETWORK Mbps
LAN IS OWNED BY PEOPLE, BUSINESSES, ETC.
Scale: Room or building
Distance: Usually 100 meters or less
Wired: Cat 6 or fiber
Wireless:
Components: PCs, routers, switches, servers, printers, wireless access points, and so on

11. Metropolitan area network
Scale: City
Distance: Usually a few miles or less
Wired: Fiber, coax
Wireless: Microwave
Components: Routers, switches, wireless bridges, and so on
Metropolitan-Area Network

12. Wide area network WAN IS LARGE. NO END DEVICES HERE, JUST ROUTERS.
SPEEDS ARE SLOWER ON WANS THAN ON LANS. (Example: 1000Mbps in GCIT, 30Mbps to Internet)
WAN IS MANY ISPs MAINTAINING THOSE ROUTERS TO HELP SEND DATA EVERYWHERE.
Scale: State, country, global
Distance: A few miles to thousands of miles
Wired: Fiber
Wireless: Microwave
Components: Routers, switches, satellites, and so on

13. Review- 3Q & Activity
What type of network uses each device to share files with other devices on the network?
Peer to peer
What type of network do you assign specific hosts a role such as file storage and other hosts just access those resources?
Client-server
What connects a client PC to the network’s medium?
Network interface
Practice Questions on 1.1.5

14. 1.2
Network topologies

15. topology Graphical layout of the network Two types: Physical topology
Layout of how devices are physically connected
Logical topology
How devices communicate/data transmitted
Shows IP addresses & groups

16. physical topology: Bus & ring
All connected to same cable, terminated at ends
Broken cable= no one communicates
Ring
Each device connected to each other
Physical topology is NOT how data travels on the lines. Only how they are connected.

17. physical topology: Star topology
Has a central connecting device
Switch or hub (older)
Most common
Extended Star too

18. physical topology: Mesh topology
Each device connects to every other device
Redundancy
Decentralized (not central point of failure)
Used in backbone; not with PCs
Provides fault tolerance; commonly used in WANs & backbone of network.
DECNTRALIZED!
Can be done with wireless PCs ad-hoc.

19. Logical topologies Bus/Broadcast using a hub (Ethernet)
Data sent to ALL devices connected to the cable
Each device looks at the data to see if it is addressed to it or not
Star using a switch (Ethernet)
Data sent direct to destination
Ring
Data is passed from computer to computer
Must have a token to talk

20. activity Identify the logical & physical topologies handout
Logical bus & physical bus
Logical bus & physical star
Logical star & physical star
Mesh & mesh

21. activity TestOut Questions 1.2.3 (12Q) Watch Video (7:14)

22. Review- 4Q
The physical layout of nodes on a network is known as the networks:
Topology
Which physical topology is most common today?
Star
How does data get passed in a logical ring topology?
Sent from one device to the next
How does data get passed in a logical bus topology?
Sent to all devices in network (hub)

23. 1.3
Osi model

24. Osi model Before 1983, network devices were proprietary
Had to buy all from same vendor or it wouldn’t work
OSI model created standards to follow
OSI model layers break down the communication process between devices

25. Osi model

26. OSI Model Layer # Layer Name Description 7 Application
Provides network access to applications
SMTP; HTTP; DHCP; FTP; Telnet 6
Presentation
Transforms data to a format; encryption; SSL 5
Session
Establishes, manages, terminates sessions 4
Transport
Reliable transport; flow control; retransmission;
TCP; port numbers; segments 3
Network
Routing; Logical (IP) addressing; packet; Router 2
Data Link
Physical (MAC) addressing; access to media frame; NIC; Switch 1
Physical
Bits; electricity; light; Cat 6/7; Hub; NIC
DATA
SEG-MENTS
Virtual model to standardize communication process
Encapsulation
PDUs: Data—Segments-Packets-Frames-Bits
Data Link: LLC & MAC
PACKETS
FRAMES
BITS

27. activity The OSI Communications Process
TestOut OSI Model Fact Sheet Review
TestOut Practice Questions (14Q)

28. Activity

29. activity

30. 1.4
Network protocols

31. Tcp/ip protocol suite What is a protocol? Protocol Suite
Set of rules for communication
Protocol Suite
Set of protocols that work together
TCP/IP is most common
No matter where you’re at or what kind of computer you’re using, you can communicate if you follow the same rules.
Protocol is a set of rules for communication.
Rules would be how to package it, how to handle errors, how to divide packets

32. Tcp Connection-oriented Sends acknowledgements
Makes sure message gets there w/out error
Sends acknowledgements
Like tracking a FedEx delivery
Breaks messages into small segments
If sender doesn’t get an ACK of message received, it retransmits
Only portion lost is resent
On receiving host, TCP reassembles data
FTP, & HTTP are examples of protocols using TCP
Example: Student is in the parking lot, standing on top of their car. If I just yelled the urgent message of “Dr. Mateka is coming!”, I would not know if he heard me correctly, if at all. To be sure he gets the message, it would be better to call his phone and talk to him. I make sure I connect to him, he answers, I tell him, and ask him if he understands my warning. THIS IS TCP. If not for TCP, I wouldn’t know if he was asleep or even heard me. It would be like yelling a lot and then walking away. The FLOW CONTROL part of the example would be speaking slowly enough for him to understand.

33. udp Connectionless Low overhead “Best effort delivery”
Regular mail / no guarantee of delivery
No ACK or retransmission
No error checking*
Fast delivery of data
Used for streaming audio, video, VoIP
DNS, DHCP, TFTP, VoIP, Gaming, SNMP are examples of protocols that use UDP
*The actual application/upper layer protocols will request a retry if not received.
Like yelling heads up Bob, and throwing a football into a crowd of people. I hope Bob heard me and he catches it.
Look at animation

34. Tcp vs. udp Guaranteed delivery Best effort delivery
Connection-oriented
Acknowledgements
Slower bc of establishing a connection & acknowledging
, web, file transfer
Best effort delivery
Connectionless
No acknowledgements
Faster bc of no connection or acknowledgements
Audio/video streams
All other protocols work in conjunction with one of these two protocols.

35. Activity 1

36. Protocols Protocol Information Connection to transfer web pages- TCP
HTTP
Connection to transfer web pages- TCP
HTTPS
Secure connection for web pages transmission- TCP
Security created by SSL or TLS
FTP
File transfer- TCP
TFTP
File transfer- UDP
SFTP
Secure File Transfer Protocol- TCP
POP3
Transfer of from server to you; then deleted
IMAP
Transfer of from server to you; kept on server
SMTP
Transfer of from PC to server; Used to send between servers
TLS- Transport Layer Security; more advanced version of SSL
BOLD= TCP
On POP3, the is downloaded to the client and deleted from the server. You can change the settings to not delete it.

37. Protocols Protocol Information
DHCP
Automatically assign IP/SM/DG/DNS server addresses- UDP
DNS
Translates names to IP addresses- TCP/UDP
NTP
Allows devices to sync their clocks through network- UDP
SNMP
Create alerts to monitor the network- UDP
Telnet
Remote login- TCP
SSH
Secure remote login- TCP
ICMP
Can detect other devices & verify connectivity- PING
NTP: Network Time Protocol
SNMP Example: create alert when you have 1TB of space left on a shared drive.

38. TCP/UDP Activity
NFS is TCP.

39. Common network services
Web server
FTP server

40. Common network services
DNS server
DHCP server

41. Common network services
Directory Services
Directory of users on a network, resources, and access control
SSH Server
From client, you can connect remotely & securely to a device
Directory services- MS Active Directory, Novell eDirectory are examples.
SMB Server (Server Message Block): On Linux, shared resources access for clients. The shared file or folder looks as if it’s on the local machine.

42. activity TestOut 1.4.3- Video Review
TestOut Practice Questions (12Q)

43. Review- 3Q
What type of network has centralized resources, such as central file storage?
Client-server
What type of network shares resources located on local computer hard drives?
Peer to peer
You type into your web browser. A DNS request is created and then a we request is sent. What type of network is this?

44. Review- 4Q Which protocol is used for web page transmission?
HTTP
You have a network of 100 devices. Which process will easily allow all computers to automatically be able to communicate on a network by assigning IP addresses?
DHCP
Which utility/protocol can test connectivity?
Ping/ICMP
Which protocol allows remote login, but is not secure?
Telnet

45. 1.5
Numbering systems

46. Convert binary to decimal
Add up the values of the binary 1’s
156
229
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

47. Binary/Decimal Conversions
Binary to Decimal Conversions
Add up the bit values to come up with the decimal answer
Decimal to Binary Conversions
Convert the decimal number to bits
Binary Game
Play Now

48. Binary/Decimal/Hex conversions
Hex= MAC address
0-9, A-F (10-15)
Convert Hex to Binary, then to Decimal
Convert backwards too AB

49. Activity TestOut 1.5.3- Practice Questions (3Q)
Conversion Handout/Quiz

50. Review & study Complete the study guide handout
Take all quizzes on TestOut
Jeopardy review

51. Networking basics
Chapter 1
8-10 days