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Networking basics Chapter 1 8-10 days including test
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objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to:
Define & identify different types of networks Describe the advantages & disadvantages of network types Describe & identify topologies Identify the OSI model, why it’s used, and what happens at each layer Describe various protocols Compare and contrast TCP and UDP Convert binary to decimal to hexadecimal
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1.1 Networking overview
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Intro to networks What is a network? Networks consist of:
Group of interconnected devices able to share info with each other Networks consist of: Hosts/Nodes Connecting Media Network interface Protocols (standards) Network benefits Share peripherals Consolidate storage Group collaboration/communication File sharing, , social media, VoIP, websites
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Network types: peer to peer
Hosts don’t have a specific role Can provide & consume network services Multiple devices connected by a networking device. This can also be done wirelessly. No Server; No one PC has control over others; remains small- 10 or less PCs SOHO & home networks usually use peer to peer.
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Network types: peer to peer
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Easy & inexpensive to implement No special network OS to buy Uses PC’s OS Easy to configure to share storage & printing Not scalable Bigger = difficult to manage Usually limited to 10 No centralized controls No centralized storage Possible slower performance On the storage device PC, files other people put on there could be accidently deleted. Decentralized storage- each PC will need to be backed up; data is not organized because it’s across many PCs. Slower performance to handle requests
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Network types: client-server
Provides a resource/service, like or web pages server/web server Client Consumes network services Requests & displays info from a server PC with web browser to display pages from web server Clients: Have regular desktop OS & client software to connect to the server & use shared resources. Servers: Has a network OS to provide services only. Centrally set up user account (logins); optimized to handle heavy processing loads;
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Network types: client-server
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Very scalable (easy to expand/grow) Easy to support Centralized management Data protection Backup shared data on server More expensive! Separate server & network OS needed Advanced planning to setup
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Networking terms Need More Help? Watch Test Out Video 1.1.3 10:58
Addressing Subnet LAN MAN WAN Internet Intranet Extranet Need More Help? Watch Test Out Video 1.1.3 10:58
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Local area network Over a small area
CONNECTS END DEVICES IN A SMALL AREA LIKE HOME, SMALL OFFICE. USUALLY ONE ADMINISTRATOR. FAST SPEED INSIDE THE NETWORK Mbps LAN IS OWNED BY PEOPLE, BUSINESSES, ETC. Scale: Room or building Distance: Usually 100 meters or less Wired: Cat 6 or fiber Wireless: Components: PCs, routers, switches, servers, printers, wireless access points, and so on
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Metropolitan area network
Scale: City Distance: Usually a few miles or less Wired: Fiber, coax Wireless: Microwave Components: Routers, switches, wireless bridges, and so on Metropolitan-Area Network
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Wide area network WAN IS LARGE. NO END DEVICES HERE, JUST ROUTERS.
SPEEDS ARE SLOWER ON WANS THAN ON LANS. (Example: 1000Mbps in GCIT, 30Mbps to Internet) WAN IS MANY ISPs MAINTAINING THOSE ROUTERS TO HELP SEND DATA EVERYWHERE. Scale: State, country, global Distance: A few miles to thousands of miles Wired: Fiber Wireless: Microwave Components: Routers, switches, satellites, and so on
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Review- 3Q & Activity What type of network uses each device to share files with other devices on the network? Peer to peer What type of network do you assign specific hosts a role such as file storage and other hosts just access those resources? Client-server What connects a client PC to the network’s medium? Network interface Practice Questions on 1.1.5
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1.2 Network topologies
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topology Graphical layout of the network Two types: Physical topology
Layout of how devices are physically connected Logical topology How devices communicate/data transmitted Shows IP addresses & groups
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physical topology: Bus & ring
All connected to same cable, terminated at ends Broken cable= no one communicates Ring Each device connected to each other Physical topology is NOT how data travels on the lines. Only how they are connected.
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physical topology: Star topology
Has a central connecting device Switch or hub (older) Most common Extended Star too
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physical topology: Mesh topology
Each device connects to every other device Redundancy Decentralized (not central point of failure) Used in backbone; not with PCs Provides fault tolerance; commonly used in WANs & backbone of network. DECNTRALIZED! Can be done with wireless PCs ad-hoc.
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Logical topologies Bus/Broadcast using a hub (Ethernet)
Data sent to ALL devices connected to the cable Each device looks at the data to see if it is addressed to it or not Star using a switch (Ethernet) Data sent direct to destination Ring Data is passed from computer to computer Must have a token to talk
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activity Identify the logical & physical topologies handout
Logical bus & physical bus Logical bus & physical star Logical star & physical star Mesh & mesh
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activity TestOut Questions 1.2.3 (12Q) Watch Video (7:14)
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Review- 4Q The physical layout of nodes on a network is known as the networks: Topology Which physical topology is most common today? Star How does data get passed in a logical ring topology? Sent from one device to the next How does data get passed in a logical bus topology? Sent to all devices in network (hub)
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1.3 Osi model
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Osi model Before 1983, network devices were proprietary
Had to buy all from same vendor or it wouldn’t work OSI model created standards to follow OSI model layers break down the communication process between devices
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Osi model
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OSI Model Layer # Layer Name Description 7 Application
Provides network access to applications SMTP; HTTP; DHCP; FTP; Telnet 6 Presentation Transforms data to a format; encryption; SSL 5 Session Establishes, manages, terminates sessions 4 Transport Reliable transport; flow control; retransmission; TCP; port numbers; segments 3 Network Routing; Logical (IP) addressing; packet; Router 2 Data Link Physical (MAC) addressing; access to media frame; NIC; Switch 1 Physical Bits; electricity; light; Cat 6/7; Hub; NIC DATA SEG-MENTS Virtual model to standardize communication process Encapsulation PDUs: Data—Segments-Packets-Frames-Bits Data Link: LLC & MAC PACKETS FRAMES BITS
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activity The OSI Communications Process
TestOut OSI Model Fact Sheet Review TestOut Practice Questions (14Q)
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Activity
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activity
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1.4 Network protocols
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Tcp/ip protocol suite What is a protocol? Protocol Suite
Set of rules for communication Protocol Suite Set of protocols that work together TCP/IP is most common No matter where you’re at or what kind of computer you’re using, you can communicate if you follow the same rules. Protocol is a set of rules for communication. Rules would be how to package it, how to handle errors, how to divide packets
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Tcp Connection-oriented Sends acknowledgements
Makes sure message gets there w/out error Sends acknowledgements Like tracking a FedEx delivery Breaks messages into small segments If sender doesn’t get an ACK of message received, it retransmits Only portion lost is resent On receiving host, TCP reassembles data FTP, & HTTP are examples of protocols using TCP Example: Student is in the parking lot, standing on top of their car. If I just yelled the urgent message of “Dr. Mateka is coming!”, I would not know if he heard me correctly, if at all. To be sure he gets the message, it would be better to call his phone and talk to him. I make sure I connect to him, he answers, I tell him, and ask him if he understands my warning. THIS IS TCP. If not for TCP, I wouldn’t know if he was asleep or even heard me. It would be like yelling a lot and then walking away. The FLOW CONTROL part of the example would be speaking slowly enough for him to understand.
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udp Connectionless Low overhead “Best effort delivery”
Regular mail / no guarantee of delivery No ACK or retransmission No error checking* Fast delivery of data Used for streaming audio, video, VoIP DNS, DHCP, TFTP, VoIP, Gaming, SNMP are examples of protocols that use UDP *The actual application/upper layer protocols will request a retry if not received. Like yelling heads up Bob, and throwing a football into a crowd of people. I hope Bob heard me and he catches it. Look at animation
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Tcp vs. udp Guaranteed delivery Best effort delivery
Connection-oriented Acknowledgements Slower bc of establishing a connection & acknowledging , web, file transfer Best effort delivery Connectionless No acknowledgements Faster bc of no connection or acknowledgements Audio/video streams All other protocols work in conjunction with one of these two protocols.
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Activity 1
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Protocols Protocol Information Connection to transfer web pages- TCP
HTTP Connection to transfer web pages- TCP HTTPS Secure connection for web pages transmission- TCP Security created by SSL or TLS FTP File transfer- TCP TFTP File transfer- UDP SFTP Secure File Transfer Protocol- TCP POP3 Transfer of from server to you; then deleted IMAP Transfer of from server to you; kept on server SMTP Transfer of from PC to server; Used to send between servers TLS- Transport Layer Security; more advanced version of SSL BOLD= TCP On POP3, the is downloaded to the client and deleted from the server. You can change the settings to not delete it.
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Protocols Protocol Information
DHCP Automatically assign IP/SM/DG/DNS server addresses- UDP DNS Translates names to IP addresses- TCP/UDP NTP Allows devices to sync their clocks through network- UDP SNMP Create alerts to monitor the network- UDP Telnet Remote login- TCP SSH Secure remote login- TCP ICMP Can detect other devices & verify connectivity- PING NTP: Network Time Protocol SNMP Example: create alert when you have 1TB of space left on a shared drive.
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TCP/UDP Activity NFS is TCP.
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Common network services
Web server FTP server
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Common network services
DNS server DHCP server
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Common network services
Directory Services Directory of users on a network, resources, and access control SSH Server From client, you can connect remotely & securely to a device Directory services- MS Active Directory, Novell eDirectory are examples. SMB Server (Server Message Block): On Linux, shared resources access for clients. The shared file or folder looks as if it’s on the local machine.
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activity TestOut 1.4.3- Video Review
TestOut Practice Questions (12Q)
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Review- 3Q What type of network has centralized resources, such as central file storage? Client-server What type of network shares resources located on local computer hard drives? Peer to peer You type into your web browser. A DNS request is created and then a we request is sent. What type of network is this?
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Review- 4Q Which protocol is used for web page transmission?
HTTP You have a network of 100 devices. Which process will easily allow all computers to automatically be able to communicate on a network by assigning IP addresses? DHCP Which utility/protocol can test connectivity? Ping/ICMP Which protocol allows remote login, but is not secure? Telnet
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1.5 Numbering systems
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Convert binary to decimal
Add up the values of the binary 1’s 156 229 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
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Binary/Decimal Conversions
Binary to Decimal Conversions Add up the bit values to come up with the decimal answer Decimal to Binary Conversions Convert the decimal number to bits Binary Game Play Now
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Binary/Decimal/Hex conversions
Hex= MAC address 0-9, A-F (10-15) Convert Hex to Binary, then to Decimal Convert backwards too AB
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Activity TestOut 1.5.3- Practice Questions (3Q)
Conversion Handout/Quiz
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Review & study Complete the study guide handout
Take all quizzes on TestOut Jeopardy review
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Networking basics Chapter 1 8-10 days
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