1. Revision: The price level
(The consumer price index & inflation)
Inflation
Definition
Causes of inflation
Cost-push inflation
Demand-pull inflation
Government caused (induced) inflation
Effects of inflation
How to reduce inflation
Deflation
How is it caused
What it results in
Measuring the changes in prices
Simple Price Index
Composition Price Index
Consumer Price Index
How accurate it is?
Uses of the CPI

2. Inflation……
Is defined as the steady and persistent increase in the general level of prices
This results in the value of money of money falling and the cost of living increasing
Therefore one cannot buy the same quantity of goods and services they could have in the previous year

3. Simple price index
Shows the percentage change in the price of the good over a specific time period
It is an unweighted price index as it does not take into account the fraction of income spent on the good.
3 steps involved
New Price X
Base Year Price

4. Composite Price Index
Each good is assigned a “weight” which reflects the percentage of income which is spent on it.
It is a weighted price index and shows the effect to the overall cost of living due to changes in the price of goods.
6 steps involved

5. Workbook, page 107, question 10
For a composite (weighted) price index covering the three types of expenditure given in the following table, calculate the index for the current year. The base year value is Show your workings.
Category
% of income spent on the item
Price of item in base year (Euro)
Price of item in current year (Euro)
Food 35
8.50
12.75
Clothing and footwear 15
37.50
45.00
Other items 50
20.00
35.00
100

6. Solution…… Category Prices of item(s) Base Year
Calculation of Simple Price Index X Weight
Euro
Food
8.50
12.75 X = X 35% =
Clothing & footwear
37.50
45 X = X 15% =
Other items
20.00
35 X = X 50% = 20
Price Index for the Current Year

7. The Consumer Price Index
Today………….
The Consumer Price Index
How accurate is it
How it is constructed
The economic uses of the CPI

8. The Consumer Price Index
The CPI
The Consumer Price Index
It measures the change in the average level of prices paid by all private household on consumer goods/services.
It began in January 1997, it is compiled on a monthly basis covering over a thousand items.
The Household budget survey is carried out every five to seven years to find out the fraction of income spent on each items.
This survey is carried out to get accurate details of consumers spending patterns.

9. What are its limitations???
How accurate is the CPI???
What are its limitations???
It is based on average spending patterns
Weights used apply in the base year only
Changes in quality of goods is not measured
New products on the Market are not included
Switching to cheaper brands is not measured

10. 2007, Higher, Section B, Question 7 A (ii)
Explain how a Consumer Price Index is conducted?
1. It is based on the “National Average Family Shopping Basket”
Those items which the average Irish family buys frequently and in large quantities are included.
2. Expenditure patterns are divided into various categories
The CPI contains various categories of expenditure; food, alcohol, clothing & footwear, housing, transport etc.

11. 3. Calculation of “Weight”
The weight is the fraction of income which is spent on each category of expenditure, obtained through the Household Budget Survey, only takes place every 5 to 7 years.
4. Prices in Base Year Chosen
The average cost of the items is equal to 100 e.g. – milk 40%, bread 35% and apples 25%. This makes it easier to compare in future years.
5. Prices in Current Year Determined
The current prices of each item are collected from a panel of retail and service outlets in various locations throughout the country.

12. Economic uses of a CPI
Measure the rate of inflation
Measure International Competition
Indexation of savings/investments
Maintaining the real value of social welfare payments
Wage negotiations

13. Inflation………. Causes of inflation Effects of inflation
Cost-push inflation
Demand-pull inflation
Government caused (induced) inflation
Effects of inflation
How to reduce inflation
Deflation
How is it caused
What it results in

14. Causes of inflation……….
Cost-push
Demand-pull
Government induced

15. Cost push inflation…….
Any increase in the general level of prices due to an increase in the costs of production/costs of inputs faced by the employer.
This can be due to………
Increased wage demands due to the minimum wage or social partnership agreements
Increased prices for raw materials, e.g. – oil
Increased costs of production e.g. – utility charges, rent costs, insurance costs.

16. Demand pull inflation……….
Is when the economy cannot produce enough goods and services to meet the demand of citizens. Too much money is said to be “chasing” too few good. Therefore demand is greater than supply and producers see an opportunity to increase prices.
This can be due to…………….
Goods cannot be manufactured/imported quick enough to meet new demand
Unexpected increase in consumer confidence
Firms with monopoly power take advantage of their position by raising prices

17. Government induced inflation……….
A rise in prices as a result of some action by the government.
This can be due to………
An increase in indirect taxes, e.g. – VAT
A decrease in direct taxes, e.g. – PAYE can cause demand pull inflation as [people will have more money to spend
An increase in lending by the banks

18. Effects of inflation……….
Lower Standard of living
Purchasing power of money falls
Increased wage demands
Loss of competitiveness
Loss of employment
Borrowing encouraged
Increased disparity between different sectors
A rise in government spending
Production encouraged
Uncertainty

19. Reducing inflation…………
Use measures that take money out of the economy and reduce demand.
Fiscal policy
Indirect taxes - VAT
Direct taxes – PAYE
Saving scheme - SSIA
Lower government spending
National wage agreements
Increased competition

20. Today……………….
Deflation
How it is caused
What it results in

21. Deflation Is negative inflation –
Prices are going down rather than up.

22. Deflation can be caused by……….
Over supply relative to demand, e.g. – more hotel rooms than there are people to stay in them
A sudden drop in demand or investment or government spending or all three, e.g. – in a recession
Persistent unfavorable balance of payments – more money leaving the country on imports than coming in on exports

23. Results of deflation……….
An increase in the purchasing power of money - Employers use this to justify wage cuts and the government uses it to justify cuts in social welfare.
The government can save money on capital projects – cost of construction and raw materials falls.
Increased national competitiveness – provided that Irish prices fall by more than competing countries’ prices do.