1. Mutations

2. Mutations - changes in DNA
causes a different protein to be made
Usually is caught and fixed

3. Types of mutations Substitution Frameshift Duplication Missense
Nonsense
Frameshift
Deletion
Insertion
Duplication

4. Substitution Mutations
Point mutation – the change only happens to one amino acid
Missense
One base is replaced with another
Nonsense
That base replacement changes the amino acid to a stop codon, causing transcription to end early
Achondroplasia (dwarfism)

5. Muscular dystrophy

6. Frameshift Mutation
Changes every amino acid after the point of mutation
Deletion
One base is removed
Insertion
One base is added

7. Cystic fibrosis (deletion)
Crohn’s disease
(insertion)

8. Duplication Mutation
One or more codons are repeated

9. Mutations Most occur in body cells – not passed to offspring
Only mutations in reproductive cells show in offspring
Mutations in fetal cells cause developmental problems
Examples: thalidomide, FAS, polydactyly

11. Beneficial mutations
Some have positive effect – allow organism to withstand environmental factors or reproduce quicker
Example: color that allows animals to camouflage better

12. Mutations Mutagen- the thing that causes the mutation Ultraviolet
X-ray radiation
Alcohol
Drug
Nicotine
Toxic Waste
Random mutations
causes not yet understood

13. Chromosomal Mutation Changes in whole chromosomes
Can change number or structure of chromosomes
may change gene location or number of genes