1. CRUST FORCES

2. CRUST FORCES
We have already discussed many of the forces that happen within our Earth and especially in the _______________!

3. CRUST FORCES
Now, we are going to be going a bit more in depth about the types of _________________ the earth’s crust is under and what happens because of it.

4. CRUST FORCES
There are __________________ different types of stress that plates undergo.
They are _____________________________ __________________________.
These work over _______________of years to change the _____________ and ___________________ of rock.

5. CRUST FORCES
_____________________ pulls on the crust, _____________________ rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle.
This occurs where two plates are __________________.

6. CRUST FORCES
_________________________ squeezes rock together until it folds or breaks.
This occurs when two plates are _____________________.

7. CRUST FORCES
___________________ is when stress pushes plates in two different __________________.
This can cause rock to _____________ or _____________________.

8. CRUST FORCES We have already discussed _______________.
These are ________________________ in the Earth’s crust.
There are _________________ types of these which we will discuss in greater detail.
They are ______________________________ and __________________.

9. CRUST FORCES ________________________ faults are…well…the normal ones.
These are on faults an angle, so one block lies __________________ the fault while the other block lies __________________ the fault.

10. CRUST FORCES
The block that lies above is called the ___________________________.
The rock that lies below is called the _____________________.
In a normal fault, the hanging wall slips ________________ compared to the footwall.

11. CRUST FORCES
_____________________ faults have the same structure as a normal fault, but the blocks move in opposite directions.
In this case the hanging wall slips __________________ compared to the footwall.

12. CRUST FORCES
In _________________ faults, there is VERY little upward or downward motion.
These only, slide past each other _______________________.

13. CRUST FORCES
Forces of a plate movement can alter even the plates themselves.
Flat landforms can be folded into landforms such as ______________________________ ____________________________________ ______________, and __________________.

14. CRUST FORCES Imagine skidding on a rug so it folds up in waves.
Well this happens in the crust too, and they’re called _________________________________!
An _________________ is the top of an arch, and the __________________ is the valley between them.
The Appalachian mountains in Pennsylvania is an example.

15. CRUST FORCES
When two normal faults cut through a block of rock, a __________________________ __________________forms.

16. CRUST FORCES
A __________________________ is a large area of land elevated high above sea level.

17. CRUST FORCES
One of the effects of movement of plates is the _______________ and ______________ created by the contact with other plates.
This creates an _______________________.
Most are too small to notice, but some can be very destructive.

18. CRUST FORCES
Most earthquakes begin in the lithosphere about ______________ of the Earth’s surface.
The ________________________ is the area beneath Earth’s surface where rock that is under stress breaks, triggering an earthquake.

19. CRUST FORCES
The point on the surface right above the focus is called the ________________________.
Energy travels outward across the earth’s surface in the form of _________________ ________________.

20. CRUST FORCES
Since science things come in _____________, there are __________ types of seismic waves.
They are ________________________ and ______________________.

21. CRUST FORCES
________________________ or _______________waves are the first to arrive at the surface.
These compress and expand the ground like an accordion.

22. CRUST FORCES
_______________or ___________________ waves reach the surface next.
They move the earth up an down AND side to side.

23. CRUST FORCES
_____________________ are simply waves that travel along the earth’s surface.
These are ___________________ than the other two types, but can cause _______________damage.

24. CRUST FORCES
When an earthquake hits, most people want to know how ______________ it was.
There are _______________ methods for measuring earthquakes.

25. CRUST FORCES
The first method is called the _____________ __________________
This system rates earthquakes by the level of damage at a given place.
The scale is from _____________________.
The same earthquake can have ________________ Mercalli scale ratings because of ________________damage at ____________________locations.

26. CRUST FORCES
The second scale is called the ____________ _________________________________.
This measures the _____________________ released from an earthquake.

27. CRUST FORCES
For every _______________ magnitude in the moment magnitude scale, the quake has about _____________more energy.
For example, a magnitude five quake has ________________ more energy than a four.
A level six has ________________more energy than a four.

28. CRUST FORCES
Finally, the last scale is one you’ve likely all heard of.
______________________ measures and earthquake’s _____________________.
The _____________________ is determined by how much fault movement occurred and the size of the seismic waves.

29. CRUST FORCES
Seismic waves are measured by a device called a _______________________.
For every ____________magnitude in the Richter scale, the quake was about _________ stronger.
For example, a magnitude five quake is _____ ______________ stronger than a four.
A level six is ___________stronger than a four.

30. CRUST FORCES
Earthquakes with magnitude ______________ _______________ are not very destructive.
Earthquakes with magnitude _____________ _______________ are very_______________ but very ___________________.

31. CRUST FORCES
Geologists use seismic waves to locate the quake’s _______________________.
Since ___________________ and ____________________travel at different speeds, measuring the distance apart they are can be used to detect the distance from the epicenter.

32. CRUST FORCES

33. CRUST FORCES
Geologists use that distance from __________ ______________________ to triangulate the position of _____________________.

34. CRUST FORCES
Geologists collect information so they can _____________________ where earthquakes are most likely to occur in the future.
They can predict this knowing where earthquakes have happened in the past and where ________________________are.

35. CRUST FORCES Earthquakes cause damage in many ways.
The first is ________________________.
This is simply when the surface moves enough that buildings ____________________.
This is why it is important NOT to build on _______________________.

36. CRUST FORCES
______________________ is another way earthquakes can cause damage.
This is when an earthquake turns loose, soft soil into ____________________.
Entire buildings can ________________ or _______________________.

37. CRUST FORCES ______________________ are another method of destruction.
These are basically mini-earthquakes that occur in the ____________________as a larger earthquake.

38. CRUST FORCES
________________________ are when an earthquake hits the ocean floor.
The energy of the wave travels outward and as the water gets ____________________ the wave gets very _______________ and _____________.

39. CRUST FORCES
People who live in ___________________ areas need to take measures to make their homes ______________________________!
They do things like ________________ bookshelves to walls, strap in their ________ _________________, and make their houses out of ___________ yet ______________ materials.

40. CRUST FORCES
Some homes are even constructed with _______________or _______________ at the foundation.
These are called _______________________.
These will also usually have _______________ joints on ______________and ____________ to avoid leaks.