1. Chapter 16 Toward Civil War (1840-1861)
Section 2 Challenges to Slavery

2. Section 3-Polling Question
Which political issue is most important to you?
A. Foreign policy
B. Domestic policy
C. The economy
D. Government reform A B C D

3. What was the significance of the Dred Scott decision?
Essential Question
What was the significance of the Dred Scott decision?

4. A New Political Party
After the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Democratic Party began to divide among sectional lines
Northern Democrats left the party
Differing views over the slavery issue destroyed the Whig Party
1854- antislavery Whigs and Democrats joined forces with the Free-Soilers to form the-
Republican Party

5. Election of 1854
The Republicans challenged the pro-slavery Whigs and Democrats
Ran in state and congressional elections of 1854
Main message was that the government should ban slavery in NEW territories
In the elections, the Republicans took control of he House of Representatives and several state governments
Almost all support was from the North
Almost ¾ of the Democratic candidates from free states lost in 1854
Democrats were becoming a Southern Party

6. House of Representatives 1854

7. Election of 1856
The Republicans put a candidate up for the presidential election of 1856
The Whigs fell apart and had no candidate
The Republicans chose John C. Frémont of California
“Free soil, Free speech, Frémont”
The Democrats nominated James Buchanan of Pennsylvania
Buchanan wanted to appease the South in order to save the Union
Therefore, the Democrats endorsed the idea of popular sovereignty

8. The Election of 1856 Continued
The American Party, or the Know Nothing Party (Anti-immigration) nominated former president Millard Fillmore
Most of the Northern delegates walked out of the convention when the party refused to call for a repeal of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
The presidential vote divided along rigid sectional lines
Buchanan won- took all Southern states except Maryland
John C. Frémont did not receive a single electoral vote south of the Mason-Dixon Line
John C. Frémont carried 11 of the 16 Free States

9. A B C D What is popular sovereignty?
Section 3
What is popular sovereignty?
A. The idea that slaves should be free
B. The idea that the popular vote, not electoral votes, should decide an election
C. The joining together of members from different political parties to form a new party
D. The idea that each state or territory should decide on the issue of slavery independently A B C D

10. Dred Scott
Dred Scott was a slave living in Missouri with his owner, a doctor
In the 1830s the doctor moved to Illinois and then to Wisconsin Territory
Both were free and slavery was banned
They then returned to Missouri, where the doctor died
In 1846, with the help of antislavery lawyer, sued for his freedom

11. The Dred Scott Case
Scott claimed he should be free because he lived where slavery was prohibited (Illinois and Wisconsin)
11 years later the case hit the Supreme Court
The Court’s decision electrified the nation
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney said that Scott was still an enslaved person
Since he was a slave, he was not a citizen and had no right bring a lawsuit

12. Taney’s Decision
Taney said that Scott’s residence on free soil did not make him free
An enslaved person is property
The 5th Amendment prohibits taking away property without “due process of law”
Taney also said that Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in any territory
The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
So was popular sovereignty
The Constitution protects property, so the Constitution protected slavery

13. Reaction to the Dred Scott Decision
This divided the country even more
Nothing could legally stop the spread of slavery
The Republicans’ main issue (limiting the spread of slavery) was unconstitutional
Republicans and other antislavery groups called the Dred Scott decision “a wicked and false judgment”
“The greatest crime” ever committed in the nation’s courts”
Dred Scott was freed 4 months before his death.

14. Illinois Senator Race
1858- Senate race between Democrat Stephen A. Douglas and-
Republican Abraham Lincoln
Douglas was a likely candidate for president in 1860
Lincoln was unknown
Douglas, a lawyer, was short, stocky, and powerful and was known as the “Little Giant”

15. Lincoln and Douglas
Douglas disliked slavery, but thought the issue would interfere with the nation’s growth
Douglas believed the issue could be resolved through popular sovereignty
Lincoln was intelligent, ambitious, and a successful lawyer
Lincoln had little formal education, but excellent political skills
Lincoln saw slavery as morally wrong, but admitted there was no easy way to end slavery where it existed
Lincoln was certain the spread of slavery should not be allowed

16. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
August, September, and October 1858
Lincoln and Douglas had 7 debates
The main topic was slavery
In Freeport, Lincoln asked – Could people of a territory legally exclude slavery before becoming a state?
Douglas replied- Yes, by refusing to pass laws protecting slaveholders’ rights
This became known as the Freeport Doctrine- Douglas won support from antislavery followers, but lost support from the South

17. A B C D What is the Freeport Doctrine?
Section 3
What is the Freeport Doctrine?
A. Lincoln’s idea that slavery was morally wrong
B. John Brown’s speech on the gallows
C. A series of debates held leading up to an election
D. Douglas’s idea that slavery could be excluded by refusing to pass laws protecting slaveholders’ rights. A B C D

18. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates Continued
Douglas claimed Lincoln wanted African-Americans fully equal to whites
Lincoln denied this
Still, Lincoln said, “in the right to eat the bread… which his own hand earns, [an African-American] is my equal and the equal of Douglas, and the equal of every living man”
Lincoln said the real problem is between those that think slavery is wrong and those that don’t
“The Republican Party think it wrong”
In the end, Douglas won the election
Lincoln gained a national reputation as a man of clear thinking who could argue with force a persuasion

19. The Raid on Harpers Ferry
1858- After the election, Southerners felt threatened by Republicans
October 16, John Brown led a group on a raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia
Brown’s target was an arsenal (Weapons)
Brown wanted to arm slaves and start a revolt against slaveholders
Abolitionists had paid for the raid

20. Harper Ferry Continued
Brown’s raid was defeated by local citizens and federal troops
Brown was convicted of treason and sentenced to be hanged
Some antislavery Northerners denounced Brown’s use of violence
Other antislavery Northerners saw Brown as a martyr
John Brown’s death rallied abolitionists
When Southerners learned about Brown’s abolitionist ties, their fears of a great Northern conspiracy seemed confirmed
The nation was on the brink of disaster

21. What was the significance of the Dred Scott decision?
Essential Question
What was the significance of the Dred Scott decision?
It meant that the Constitution protected slavery
Neither Congress nor voters could ban slavery
Earlier compromises were meaningless

22. The Whig Party selected Millard Fillmore as its candidate for president.
True
False

23. The Know-Nothing Party was concerned about immigrants.
True
False

24. Lincoln saw slavery as morally right.
True
False

25. The federal arsenal held weapons and ammunition.
True
False

26. A martyr is a person who dies for a great cause.
True
False

27. Antislavery Whigs, Democrats, and Free-Soilers joined together to form the
Northern Party.
Abolitionist Party.
Republican Party.
Antislavery Society.

28. What Supreme Court decision meant that the Constitution protected slavery?
Missouri Compromise
Lincoln–Douglas debates
the Dred Scott case
the raid on Harpers Ferry

29. Who believed the conflict over slavery would interfere with the nation’s growth?
Stephen A. Douglas
Roger B. Taney
Dred Scott
Abraham Lincoln

30. Which man's death became a rallying point for abolitionists?
John Brown
Stephen A. Douglas
Dred Scott
Abraham Lincoln

31. Lincoln was relatively unknown throughout the country before the
congressional election of 1860.
congressional election of 1858.
presidential election of 1856.
presidential election of 1860.