1. More on Macromolecules
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
More on Macromolecules

2. Proteins: What is their use in the body? Repair and Growth
What elements do they contain?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
What are the monomers (building blocks) of proteins?
AMINO ACIDS
What is the protein polymer called?
Polypeptide (Poly = many, peptide = protein)

3. What does an amino acid look like?
Draw this in your notes!
Notice: The elements that make up this molecule (C, H, O, N) “R” is not an element – see next slides that discuss the R group

4. About that R group…
The R group is called the variable group (meaning they are different).
There are 20 different amino acids that differ in their R groups.
Below are some amino acids and their names –the R group is highlighted in white (no, you will not have to memorize them!)

5. There are MANY, many proteins (millions of types)
If there are only 20 amino acids, how are there so many proteins in the world?
Amino acids (monomers) are built into polypeptides (polymers).
Amino acids can be arranged in different orders depending on the protein
Notice! These are two different proteins because they have a different amount and order of amino acids

6. What process would your body use to join up all those amino acids to build a protein chain (polypeptide)?
Dehydration Synthesis (can you define this in your own words?)
What must you remove in order to do this reaction?
Water

7. How can you break down a polypeptide chain?
Hydrolysis (can you define this in your own words?)

8. Important!! Why is the structure (shape) of a protein so important?
Proteins are chains that can be­­­ THOUSANDS of amino acids long. The R Group of the amino acids determines what protein it is. Having amino acids in the wrong order, or substituting the wrong one, or skipping one will usually result in a defective protein. Sometimes this is not really a big deal, but sometimes these mistakes can result in diseases like CYSTIC FIBROSIS or SICKLE CELL ANEMIA.

9. Sickle Cell Anemia
Cystic fibrosis

10. NUCLEIC ACIDS FUNCTIONS Nucleic acids transfer information.
Nucleic acids tell ribosomes how to make PROTEIN.

11. NUCLEOTIDES are the building blocks of DNA.
Draw and label the nucleotide in your notes.

12. 1. DNA –deoxyribonucleic acid
Sugar – DEOXYRIBOSE
Phosphate – phosphate group
Nitrogen Bases (4 types)
Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)

13. DNA forms a DOUBLE HELIX

14. 2. RNA – ribonucleic acid Sugar – ribose Phosphate – phosphate group
Nitrogen bases (4 types)
Adenine ( A) pairs with Uracil (U)
Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)

15. Why is the structure of nucleic acids so important?
Nucleic acids, mainly DNA, are the instructions for making proteins. If you were given instructions to build a house that were full of mistakes or missing information, that house would fall apart. Mistakes in DNA are called MUTATIONS. These mistakes can sometimes make defective proteins, causing disease.