1. Intro. Into Nuclear Energy
And you

2. What are the fundamental forces of the Universe???
Gravitational Force (interaction of massive bodies)
Electromagnetic Force (interaction of charged particles)
Weak Nuclear Force (short distance – responsible for radioactive decay of subatomic particles)
Strong Nuclear Force (binds nucleons together despite electrostatic repulsion of protons – very strong force – only acts at very small distances)

3. How it relates to nuclear Energy
Let’s discuss really big atoms –
like Uranium -235
92 protons, 143 neutrons U
The large number of neutrons help the nucleus to stay together (keeps P+s apart)
Stays together due to strong nuclear force

4. Fission reactions Breaking apart of nuclei 14156Ba 23592U
10 n  23592U Δ U n U
9236 Kr U
Release of large amounts of energy
Process takes about s
Starts a chain reaction!!!!!

5. E = mc2

6. Historical highlight E = mc2 small amounts of mass converted to E
Started ~ 1940 in U.S.
Manhattan project
Did not take place in Manhattan
Very fast pace
A great deal of knowledge of atomic physics was learned in this time period

7. Not just used for bombs!!!
Fission used in nuclear reactions as well

8. Where does the U-235 come from?
Mined Uranium is a combination of Uranium isotopes.
Most is U-238, some U-237, and less than 1% is U-235
Enrichment = separation of isotopes to isolate U-235 to use in nuclear reactors

9. What happens when you have large amounts of U-235?
When you have enough U-235, and therefore, enough slow moving neutrons to have a self sustaining nuclear reaction going in a reaction = critical mass.
Is that all you need?
No, you need something else to slow down the neutrons

10. How you say??
The use of a moderator (graphite or heavy water) to slow down the neutrons that bombard the U-235 (too fast = bounce off)

11. So why don’t the nuclear reactors just blow up like a bomb?
The use of control rods (Cd or B) help to slow down the reaction if it gets going too fast – they absorb neutrons (so they are not hitting the U-235)
The control rods are adjustable – so they can be changed in their orientation – to control the rate of the nuclear reaction
What if the reaction goes too fast?
Meltdown (like 3 mile island or Chernobyl)

12. How does the reactor work?
Shield molten Na steam to turbine (generates electricity) Core reactor heat exchanger Fuel rods water

13. What do we do with the waste?
Left over 238U undergoes radioactive decay
Fission daughter products also undergo decay
β decay
238U ½ life = 4.5 x 109 year
What is to be done with it???????

14. Fusion reactions Put together small nuclei to make a larger nuclei
P+ + P+  22He (fusion on the Sun)
Enormous E released (high TO, P plasma gas)
Very hard to start fusion reaction
Net E gain is so large – that it melts everything!

15. Example (Deuterium) 21H 42He + 10n smash together 31H (Tritium)
Non radioactive products
100 mill oC fusion plasma
Contain in a magnetic chamber
~ 2035 (hopefully)