1. Intramolecular Force Summary
Bond Energies
Ionic
Na+
Cl-
400 – 4000 kJ/mol
Covalent H H
kJ/mol e-
Metallic
Cu2+
kJ/mol
electron sea....

2. Intermolecular Force Summary
Energies H O - +
Ion-Dipole
Na+
40 – 60 kJ/mol 1 d2
Hydrogen Bond
Hydrogen Bond H O - + H O - +
10 – 40 kJ/mol 1 d4
(O, N, F ... & H)
Dipole-Dipole attraction
Dipole - Dipole H P - + H P - +
5 – 25 kJ/mol 1 d4

3. Intermolecular Force Summary
Ion-Induced Dipole
Induce : “ ...to cause the formation of ...”
Induced Dipole Cl C
Attraction! e-
Na+ + -
non-polar
Nearby Na+ attracts electrons within the CCl4 (non-polar) molecule.
Electrons shift within CCl4 and produce + and - poles.
Na+ now attracted to the - pole. (Intermolecular force)
kJ/mol
Energies

4. Intermolecular Force Summary
Dipole Induced Dipole
Induced Dipole Cl C H O - +
Attraction! e- - +
non-polar
Nearby H2O + attracts electrons within the CCl4 (non-polar) molecule.
Electrons shift within CCl4 and produce + and - poles.
H2O + now attracted to the - pole. (Intermolecular force)
kJ/mol
Energies

5. Intermolecular Force Summary
London Dispersive Forces
...exist for all molecules!
Momentary Dipole
Induced Dipole Cl C
Brief Attraction! Cl C
non-polar e- e- - + - + 1 d7
non-polar
Momentary electron shift within CCl4 makes it briefly polar.
Electrons shift within neighboring CCl4 and produce + and - poles.
Two CCl4 molecules briefly attract each other.
kJ/mol
Energies