1. Introduction to Human Communication
Dr. Hanif Suhairi Abu Bakar
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

2. Upon completion of this topic students
should be able to
Define human communication.
Identify the models of communication, and
explain the process of human communication.

3. The Outline Definition of communication Elements of communication
Definition of Communication Process
Definition of Model
Communication's Model

4. WARNING ~ EXPLICIT CONTENT
THE FOLLOWING PRESENTATION IS INTENDED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES BUT CONTAINS MATERIAL THAT MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR ALL VIEWERS.
VIEWER DISCRETION IS STRONGLY ADVISED.

5. Definition of Communication

6. Communication was derived from Latin terminology communicare which means “to make common or to share”.
Samsuddin A. Rahim (1997), said that communications definition can be divided into four categories. They are definition that:
1. Emphasize on dissemination or sending
2. Emphasize on sharing of meaning.
3. Emphasize on persuasion.
4. Emphasize on behavioural aspect.

7. 1. Definition that emphasize on dissemination and sending
Theodorson dan Theodorson (1969) Communication is the sending of information, thought, attitude or emotion of one individual or group to other individual or group. (one way communication OR is it?)

8. 2. Definition that emphasis on sharing of meaning
Rogers (1969) Communication is a process when two parties who involved in the communication form and share meaning of signals to achieve understanding. (two way communication)

9. 3. Definition that emphasize on persuasion
Carl Hovland (1953) Communication is a stimulation delivery process (normally in oral) in order to change the behaviour of other individual. (one way or two way communication?)

10. 4. Definition that emphasize on behavioural aspect
Carter (1973) Communication is an individual's way to seek out and disseminate information about reality. (even sometimes it is unintentional and may provoke serious consequences)

11. JOSEPH A. DEVITO Human communication: The basic course (1997)
“...refers to the act, by one or more persons, of sending and receiving messages that are distorted by noise, occur within a context, have some effect, and provide some opportunity for feedback.”

12. RONALD B. ADLER & NEIL TOWNE Looking out/looking in (2003)
“...is a continous, transactional process involving participants who occupy different environments (contexts) and create relationships through the exchange of messages, many of which are affected by external, physiological, and psychological noise.”

13. CHERYL HAMILTON & CORDELL PARKER Communicating for result (2003)
“...the process of people sharing thought and feelings with each other in common understandable ways.”

14. Elements of Communication

15. Elements is the components that involved in communication process
Elements is the components that involved in communication process. Elements of human communication are : 1. source/ sender 2. receiver 3. message 4. channel 5. feedback 6. code 7. encode 8. decode 9. noise

16. Source
Is the person who initiate (the initiator) the process of message delivery. In 2-way communication process the source is also considered as receiver because at the end of the communication process we cannot determine who is the source or receiver. Initiator is entity who possess mind, perception, emotion, anatomy, physical, attitude, value, behaviour, verbal competency, frame of reference, personal habit and a unique culture.

17. Receiver
Is the person who receive the message that sent by sender. A receiver is also an entity who possess perception, emotion, physical, attitude, value, behaviour, personal habit, a unique culture etc.

18. Examples of receiver according to contexts:
Family context - grandfather, grandmother, mother, father brother, sister, uncle, cousin etc
Education context - Teacher, lecturer, vice chancellor, administrative officer, clerk etc
Social context - friends, lover etc

19. Message
is ideas, thought, feelings or experience that wanted to be shared by the source with an individual or a group of people in the form of verbal (words) and/or nonverbal (facial expression, body movements, touches, voice tones etc.) language.

20. Channel/Medium
Channel is the medium use in communication. The channel must be able to transmit the message from one party to another. Channel can be in the form of parts of human body, eg. mouth, eye, etc. (for human); or air wave, sound wave, cable, fibre-optic, paper, TV, computer or book and newspaper (things);

21. Feedback
The signals that a receiver continuously gives to a sender indicating how well the message is being received are known as feedback. 
Feedback is extremely important for senders, since it allows them to discover such matters as whether they are speaking too fast, using words that are too complex, or even whether they are offending or angering their receivers.
Feedback can consist of words, nonverbal symbols, or both. Feedback makes it possible for speakers to judge how well they are communicating. 

22. Code
Code is a systematic symbol arrangement that used to create meaning in someone's mind or group of people. Word, phrase, and sentence become symbols that used to represent image, thinking, idea and/or feelings. Verbal code constitute symbols and grammar arrangement.

23. The Nonverbal Codes 60% body languages + 30% tones

25. Chronemics – the way that people organize and use time.
Nonverbal codes include:
Kinesics/body language – posture, movement, gestures, and facial expression, oculesics (eye contact), tactilics, locomotion (amount of movements), microsynchronic systems (mirroring each others actions).
Proxemics (part of kinesics) (the study of the human use of space) – territorial and personal (intimate distance, personal distance, social distance, and public distance).
Chronemics – the way that people organize and use time.
Tactile/tactilics (part of kinesics)– the use of touch in communication.

26. (continuation) Nonverbal codes include:
Paralinguistic – the nonword sounds and non-word characteristics of language, such as pitch, volume, rate, and quality.
Objectics – the study of the human use of clothing and other artifacts.
Artifacts are ornaments or adornments we display that hold communicative potential, including jewelry, hairstyles, cosmetics, automobiles, watches, hats etc.

27. Encode
The action of perceiving, interpreting, translating and constructing meaning into a form of ideas, thought or feelings by the sender or source to be sent to the receiver is called encode.

28. Decode
Meaning comprehended by the receiver about the ideas, thought or feelings sent by the source or sender.

29. Noise
Any elements that distort the process of encoding or decoding messages, and it reduces or damaging the message clarity. Noise constitute climate, unclear pronunciation, words that we do not understand etc Noise constitutes anything that prevent us from receiving, accepting, interpreting messages or feedback..that may results misunderstanding.

30. Frame of Reference
It means everything such as experiences , knowledge, feelings/emotion and prior to information being sent which belongs to the sender or receiver.

31. Environment/Situational/Context
refer to the physical location (environment that can be seen or touched) personal experiences, time (morning/night, today /100 years before); and culture (norms, rules, beliefs and attitudes ) which influenced human communication.

32. Definition of Communication Process

33. David Berlo (1960) “If we accept the concept of process, we view events and relationships as dynamic, ongoing, always changing, continous. When we label something as a process, we also mean that it does not have a beginning, an end, a fixed sequence of events. It is not static, at rest. It is moving. The ingredients within a process interact; each affects all the others.”

34. Model and Process of Human Communication

35. Definition of
MODEL
“Model [is] simplified representations of complex interrelationships among elements in the communication process, which allow us to visually understand a sometimes complex process.”

36. Communication’s Models
Linear
Interactional
Transactional Model

37. Linear Model
linear model involves only one way communication that is messages are sent and the receiver only receives it without any feedback.
In other words - one way communication/ message transfer only.
For example; a letter, , text message, lecture, advertisements along PLUS highway.

38. Linear Model

39. Interactional Model
interactional model involves not only messages sent but also the feedback from the receiver.
For example – WhatsApp. The sender sends messages to the receiver, then the original sender has to wait for the messages from the original receiver to react.

40. Interactional Model
Feedback
Feedback

41. Transactional Model
transactional model besides sending messages and giving a feedback we also have non verbal messages involves.
Happens simultaneously - you are both sender & receiver at the same time.
Most realistic
For example – talking/listening to friends. While your friend is talking you are constantly giving them feedback on what you think through your facial expression + verbal feedback without necessarily stopping your friend from talking.

42. Transactional Model
Feedback + Nonverbal
Feedback + Nonverbal

43. Thank you