1. Chapter 9: Water Resources

2. Ch9 Water Resources Learning Targets
Describe the major sources of groundwater
Identify some of the largest sources of fresh surface water
Explain the effects of unusually high and low amounts of precipitation
Compare and contrast the roles of levees and dikes
Explain the benefits and costs of building dams and aqueducts
Describe the processes used to convert salt water into freshwater
Compare and contrast the four methods of agricultural irrigation
Describe the major industrial and household uses of water
Discuss how water ownership and water conservation are important in determining future water availability

3. Case Study: Dams and Salmon on the Which??? River
????? River runs 250 miles from southern Oregon to northern California.
Once contained the 3rd largest salmon fishery on the West Coast.
In the early 1900s two large lakes were drained and turned into farmland.
? hydroelectric dams were build between 1908 and 1962.
Presented a problem to migratory salmon and warmed the water above the dams.

4. Case Study: Dams and Salmon on the Klamath River
Klamath River runs 250 miles from southern Oregon to northern California.
Once contained the 3rd largest salmon fishery on the West Coast.
In the early 1900s two large lakes were drained and turned into farmland.
4 hydroelectric dams were build between 1908 and 1962.
Presented a problem to migratory salmon and warmed the water above the dams.

5. In 1977 the Coho salmon was given protection under what ???? Act.
The river could not go under a certain level therefore this challenged farmers.
In 2002 the salmon suffered a major die-off due to warm waters, algal blooms, and disease.
Agreement with fisheries, farmers, and hydroelectric company was met and the damn is scheduled to be removed by 2020.

6. In 1977 the Coho salmon was given protection under the US Endangered Species Act.
The river could not go under a certain level therefore this challenged farmers.
In 2002 the salmon suffered a major die-off due to warm waters, algal blooms, and disease.
Agreement with fisheries, farmers, and hydroelectric company was met and the damn is scheduled to be removed by 2020.

7. Southern Oregon down to northern CA – Klamath river

9. Water is Abundant, But Usable Water is Rare
Nearly ?% of the Earth is covered with water.
?% in the oceans.
?% is freshwater.
¼ is underground.
The rest is frozen in glaciers!!

10. Water is Abundant, But Usable Water is Rare
Nearly 70% of the Earth is covered with water.
97% in the oceans.
3% is freshwater.
¼ is underground.
The rest is frozen in glaciers!!

11. ??????????
??????????

13. Name these terms associated/ Groundwater
A?: water found underground in the tiny spaces between rock and sediment.
U?: water can flow in and out, recharged often.
C?: water remains inside, less anthropogenic influence.
W?T?: the uppermost level at which the water in a given area fully saturates the rock or soil (surface of the groundwater).

14. Groundwater
Aquifer: water found underground in the tiny spaces between rock and sediment.
Unconfined Aquifer: water can flow in and out, recharged often.
Confined Aquifer: water remains inside, less anthropogenic influence.
Water Table: the uppermost level at which the water in a given area fully saturates the rock or soil (surface of the groundwater).

15. Springs: water from aquifers percolate up to the ground surface.
A????? Well: enough pressure from the surrounding rock to cause the water to rise.
O? Aquifer: largest confined aquifer in the US. Found in the midwest.
Rapid pumping of a deep well can cause adjacent, shallower wells to go dry.

16. Springs: water from aquifers percolate up to the ground surface.
Artesian Well: enough pressure from the surrounding rock to cause the water to rise.
Ogallala Aquifer: largest confined aquifer in the US. Found in the midwest.
Rapid pumping of a deep well can cause adjacent, shallower wells to go dry.

17. 2)??
1)??
3)??

22. Saltwater I?
Adjacent ocean water dips into wells as a result of over pumping.

23. Saltwater Intrusion
Adjacent ocean water dips into wells as a result of over pumping.
Videos Reviewing Saltwater Intrusion

26. Surface Water Rivers, ponds, lakes, and wetlands.
Largest River by Volume: A??? in South America, C???? in Africa, and the Y??? in China.
F?? where excess water spreads to land adjacent to the water source.

27. Surface Water Rivers, ponds, lakes, and wetlands.
Largest River by Volume: Amazon in South America, Congo in Africa, and the Yangtze in China.
Floodplain: where excess water spreads to land adjacent to the water source.

28. Lakes
Formed by depressions in the landscape, tectonic activity, and glaciation.

29. Measurements of surface area, depth and volume for the world’s largest lakes

30. Lakes Classified by Level of Productivity
O?: Lacking nutrients, low productivity.
Mesotrophic: moderate amount of productivity.
E?: High level of productivity.
W?: swamps, mangroves, bogs and marshes can absorb and store excess water(flood reduction).
Everglades in FL and the Pantanal in South America are the largest!!

31. Lakes Classified by Level of Productivity
Oligotrophic: Lacking nutrients, low productivity.
Mesotrophic: moderate amount of productivity.
Eutrophic: High level of productivity.
Wetlands: swamps, mangroves, bogs and marshes can absorb and store excess water(flood reduction).
Everglades in FL and the Pantanal in South America are the largest!!

32. Atmospheric Water Contains only a small % of water on Earth.
Important for global distribution.
Agriculture, livestock and nutrient cycling depend on water.
When the soil dries and hardens the water can run off of it.

33. Wheat fields are more susceptible to erosion compared to native plants.
In the US in 1935 a prolonged drought caused a decade of crop failures.
“??????” caused major disruption to the Great Plains.

34. “The Dust Bowl” caused major disruption to the Great Plains.
Wheat fields are more susceptible to erosion compared to native plants.
In the US in 1935 a prolonged drought caused a decade of crop failures.
“The Dust Bowl” caused major disruption to the Great Plains.
Dust Bowl Documentaries
(4 min)
(5 min)
(1 hour 17 min)

36. Additionally, impermeable surfaces such as pavement or buildings do not allow water penetration therefore water runs off into lakes and streams.
Flooding can lead to property damage as well as loss of human and animal lives.

37. Humans Alter the Availability of Water
An enlarged bank build up on each side of the river.
Mississippi has the largest system of levees in the world.

38. Humans Alter the Availability of Water
Levees
An enlarged bank build up on each side of the river.
Mississippi has the largest system of these in the world.

39. Disadvantages Name 2 of the 4 discussed in text
Hurricane Katrina in 2005: nearly 50 levees were toppled.

40. Disadvantages
Natural floodwaters no longer add to the fertility to the floodplains.
Sediments get deposited where the river meets the ocean.
Levees prevent flooding in one area but increase it in another.
Encourages development on the floodplains, yet these areas still flood.
Hurricane Katrina in 2005: nearly 50 levees were toppled.

42. 2. D????
Similar to levees but are built to prevent ocean water from flooding adjacent land.
Netherlands is below sea level so has an extensive system of these.

43. 2. Dikes
Similar to levees but are built to prevent ocean water from flooding adjacent land.
Netherlands is below sea level so has an extensive system of dikes.

44. 3. D???
Barrier across water.
Water is stored behind a damn in large body of water called a reservoir.
Built for human consumption, generation of electricity, flood control, and recreation.
82, 642 of these in the US.
Only 3% of these in the US were built for hydroelectric power, 18% for flood control, 38% for human recreation.

45. 3. Dams Barrier across water.
Water is stored behind a damn in large body of water called a reservoir.
Built for human consumption, generation of electricity, flood control, and recreation.
82, 642 dams in the US.
Only 3% of the dams in the US were built for hydroelectric power, 18% for flood control, 38% for human recreation.

46. Disadvantages Name 3 of 5 discussed
Fish Ladders have been added to alleviate this problem.

47. Disadvantages Large amount of materials and energy to build.
Displaces people.
Disrupts natural seasonal flooding.
Interrupts the natural flow of water.
Heavily displaces migratory fish such as salmon.
Fish Ladders have been added to alleviate this problem.

48. Three Gorges Dam Case Study

50. 3. A???
Canals or ditches used to carry water from one location to another.
Old ones are very inefficient.
Both LA and NYC depend on these for water.

51. 3. Aqueducts
Canals or ditches used to carry water from one location to another.
Old aqueducts are very inefficient.
Both LA and NYC depend on aqueducts for water.

52. Disadvantages
Name 2 of 4 discussed in text

53. Disadvantages A lot of time, money and resources to construct.
Disturbs natural habitats, fragments!
Less water flowing to where it naturally was.
Ocean water will flow into river mouths that have less water flow due to aqueducts.

54. Example:
In the 1950s the Soviet Union diverted two rivers decreasing freshwater input into the Aral Sea.
Salinity of the lake increased destroying fish populations.
Split the Aral Sea into two different bodies of water.
Effected erosion rates and local climates.

55. Aqueduct section of Colorado River aqueduct- diverts Colorado river to LA, passes through the Mojave Desert

56. Name this process Removing the salt from salt water.
Countries of the Middle East produce 50% of the world’s desalinated water.
2 Technologies

57. Desalination Removing the salt from salt water.
Countries of the Middle East produce 50% of the world’s desalinated water.
2 Technologies

58. D???
Heat is used to boil water which leaves salt behind as it evaporates.
Steam is captured and condensed, yielding pure water.
A great deal of energy is required to boil the water and condense it.

59. Distillation
Heat is used to boil water which leaves salt behind as it evaporates.
Steam is captured and condensed, yielding pure water.
A great deal of energy is required to boil the water and condense it.

61. 2. R? O?
Water is forced through a think semipermeable membrane at high pressure.
More efficient and less costly than distillation.
The left over, the brine, has a very high salt concentration and cannot be deposited on land or in bodies of water.
The Middle East and North Africa have very little drinking water available.

62. 2. Reverse Osmosis
Water is forced through a think semipermeable membrane at high pressure.
More efficient and less costly than distillation.
The left over, the brine, has a very high salt concentration and cannot be deposited on land or in bodies of water.
The Middle East and North Africa have very little drinking water available.

64. Water Use By Humans 70% of the world’s water is used for ?????.
30% is split between i? and household uses.
Water usage varies greatly among countries.

65. Water Use By Humans 70% of the world’s water is used for agriculture.
30% is split between industrial and household uses.
Water usage varies greatly among countries.

68. 1. Agriculture
Production of one metric ton of grain (1000 Kg or 2200 lbs) requires more than 1 million liters of water.
Name 2 of the 4 countries that account for more than half of the irrigated land in the world.
Producing 1 Kg of beef requires ?x more water than producing 1 Kg of wheat.

69. 1. Agriculture
Production of one metric ton of grain (1000 Kg or 2200 lbs) requires more than 1 million liters of water.
India, China, US, and Pakistan account for more than half of the irrigated land in the world.
Producing 1 Kg of beef requires 11x more water than producing 1 Kg of wheat.

70. Irrigation Greatest potential for water conservation. F???? Irrigation
Easy and inexpensive.
Trenches are dug along side of the crops.
65% efficient

71. Irrigation Greatest potential for water conservation.
Furrow Irrigation
Easy and inexpensive.
Trenches or furrows are dug along side of the crops.
65% efficient

73. 2. F???? Irrigation
Flooding the entire field letting the water soak in.
More disruptive to plant growth.
70-80% efficiency.

74. 2. Flood Irrigation
Flooding the entire field letting the water soak in.
More disruptive to plant growth.
70-80% efficiency.

76. 3. Spray Irrigation
More expensive.
Uses energy.
Water pumped from a well and sprayed out.
70-95% efficiency.

78. 4. Drip Irrigation
Slowly dripping hose.
Reduces weed growth by no surface watering.
Over ?% efficient.

79. 4. Drip Irrigation
Slowly dripping hose.
Reduces weed growth by no surface watering.
Over 95% efficient.

81. Hydroponic Agriculture
Growing crops in a greenhouse with no soil, just a nutrient rich solution.
Uses up to ?% less water.
Can grow every season of the year, uses little to no pesticides.

82. Hydroponic Agriculture
Growing crops in a greenhouse with no soil, just a nutrient rich solution.
Uses up to 95% less water.
Can grow every season of the year, uses little to no pesticides.

84. 2. Industry . In the US ½ goes towards what??
Thermoelectric power plants use heat to convert the water into steam which turns turbines.
Large cooling towers are necessary to condense and cool the liquids therefore a large fraction is lost to the atmosphere.

85. 2. Industry
Generating electricity, cooling machinery, and refining metals and paper.
In the US ½ goes towards generating electricity.
Thermoelectric power plants use heat to convert the water into steam which turns turbines.
Large cooling towers are necessary to condense and cool the liquids therefore a large fraction is lost to the atmosphere.

86. Refining paper, and metals requires the use of water.
A Kg of paper requires 33 gallons (125 L) of water to manufacture.

88. 3. Households ?% of all water used in the US is used in homes.
Varies dramatically among nations.
In the US:
41% is used for WHAT?
33% is used for What?
21% is used for laundry
5% for cooking and drinking.
Outdoor use varies greatly by state.

89. 3. Households 10% of all water used in the US is used in homes.
Varies dramatically among nations.
In the US:
41% is used for flushing toilets.
33% is used for bathing.
21% is used for laundry
5% for cooking and drinking.
Outdoor use varies greatly by state.

92. Worldwide
How many ??people (-% of the world’s population) lack access to clean drinking water.
Every year 1.8 million dies of diarrheal diseases related to contaminated water.
About ??? people die a day due to lack of clean water.
Poor conditions in developing nations do not provide safeguards that ensure the availability of clean drinking water.

93. Worldwide
1 billion people (15% of the world’s population) lack access to clean drinking water.
Every year 1.8 million dies of diarrheal diseases related to contaminated water.
About 5000 people die a day due to lack of clean water.
Poor conditions in developing nations do not provide safeguards that ensure the availability of clean drinking water.

94. The Future of Water Water Ownership
Although areas may have rights to water use, no one truly owns the water.
In 1981 Chile initiated a free-market system of water distribution.

95. Water Conservation
Name 3 strategies

96. Water Conservation
Water reducing toilets.
Water reducing shower heads.
Water-efficient native landscapes.
Recycling water after industrial use.
Improved gutter systems.
Gray Water: wastewater from baths, showers, bathroom sinks, and washing machines.
Using gray water for flushing the toilet.

98. A Turkish inventor has designed a washing machine that pipes the relatively clean water left over after washing a load of laundry, termed gray water to a toilet where it can be reused for flushing

99. Case Study: California’s Water Wars
TEDTalk on CA’s Water Crisis
TEDTalk- Water Think Again
TEDTalk: Water Conflict: Water Peace
TEDTalk: Clean Water- A Right or a Privilege

100. Ch9 Water Resources Learning Check
Eutrophication processes that have taken place in the Gulf Mexico and other marine locations are caused primarily by
An overabundance of algal growth
Nitrates from agricultural applications
Pesticides from modern agriculture
Global warming from human use of fossil fuels
Low oxygen levels resulting from decomposition

101. Ch9 Water Resources Learning Check
Eutrophication processes that have taken place in the Gulf Mexico and other marine locations are caused primarily by
An overabundance of algal growth
Nitrates from agricultural applications
Pesticides from modern agriculture
Global warming from human use of fossil fuels
Low oxygen levels resulting from decomposition

102. Ch9 Water Resources Learning Check
Currently, one of the most serious human alterations of the water cycle is
Due to deforestation and resulting in erosion
Due to overdrawing groundwater for irrigation, industry, and drinking water
Due to damming waterways and the resultant disturbance to fish migrations
Due to burning fossil fuels and the resultant acid precipitation
Due to increased desalinization plants and the resultant destruction of marine life

103. Ch9 Water Resources Learning Check
Currently, one of the most serious human alterations of the water cycle is
Due to deforestation and resulting in erosion
Due to overdrawing groundwater for irrigation, industry, and drinking water
Due to damming waterways and the resultant disturbance to fish migrations
Due to burning fossil fuels and the resultant acid precipitation
Due to increased desalinization plants and the resultant destruction of marine life

104. Ch9 Water Resources Learning Check
Humans use fresh water primarily for
Electrical production
Mining and industrial processes
Agricultural irrigation
Residential heating, cooking, and plumbing
Global nuclear power energy production

105. Ch9 Water Resources Learning Check
Humans use fresh water primarily for
Electrical production
Mining and industrial processes
Agricultural irrigation
Residential heating, cooking, and plumbing
Global nuclear power energy production

106. Ch9 Water Resources Learning Check