1. Patterns of Heredity 4.1 Living things inherit traits in patterns. 4.2
CHAPTER
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Patterns of Heredity
the BIG idea
In sexual reproduction, genes are passed from parents to offspring in predictable patterns.
4.1
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
4.2
Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
4.3
DNA is divided during meiosis.
4.4
Cells use DNA and RNA to make proteins.
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2. 4.1 CALIFORNIA Content Standards
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
CALIFORNIA
Content Standards
7.2.c Students know an inherited trait can be determined by one or more genes.
7.2.d Students know plant and animal cells contain many thousands of different genes and typically have two copies of every gene. The two copies (or alleles) of the gene may or may not be identical, and one may be dominant in determining the phenotype while the other is recessive.
sexual reproduction
gene
heredity
allele
phenotype
genotype
dominant
recessive
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3. 4.1 Living things inherit traits in patterns.
alleles
a gene
Offspring inherit alleles, which are forms of genes, from their parents. Alleles can be dominant or recessive.
sexual reproduction
gene
The alleles you have are your genotype; the observable characteristics that come from your genotype are your phenotype.
heredity
allele
phenotype
genotype
dominant
recessive
SIMULATION
Try a virtual version of Mendel’s experiment.
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4. Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
4.2
Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
CALIFORNIA
Content Standards
7.2.b Students know sexual reproduction produces offspring that inherit half their genes from each parent.
7.2.c Students know an inherited trait can be determined by one or more genes.
7.2.d Students know plant and animal cells contain many thousands of different genes and typically have two copies of every gene. The two copies (or alleles) of the gene may or may not be identical, and one may be dominant in determining the phenotype while the other is recessive.
Punnett square
probability
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5. Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
4.2
Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
Punnett squares show possible outcomes of heredity.
Punnett square
Percentages can be used with Punnett squares to express the probability of each possible outcomes.
probability B b
B = black fur
b = brown fur BB Bb bb
SIMULATION
Predict offspring traits with virtual Punnett squares.
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6. DNA is divided during meiosis.
4.3
DNA is divided during meiosis.
CALIFORNIA
Content Standards
7.2.a Students know the differences between the life cycles and reproduction methods of sexual and asexual organisms.
7.2.b Students know sexual reproduction produces offspring that inherit half their genes from each parent.
gamete
egg
sperm
fertilization
meiosis
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7. DNA is divided during meiosis.
4.3
DNA is divided during meiosis.
Meiosis is a type of cell division needed for sexual reproduction.
gamete
During meiosis, cells divide twice to produce gametes.
egg
Male and female gametes join when fertilization occurs.
sperm
fertilization
meiosis
Meiosis I 1n
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Meiosis II
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OUTLINE

8. Cells use DNA and RNA to make proteins.
4.4
Cells use DNA and RNA to make proteins.
CALIFORNIA
Content Standards
7.2.e Students know DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material of living organisms and is located in the chromosomes of each cell.
replication
RNA
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9. Cells use DNA and RNA to make proteins.
4.4
Cells use DNA and RNA to make proteins.
DNA contains a code that enables a cell to make RNA and proteins.
replication
Replication copies the code before a cell divides.
RNA
• DNA’s triplet code enables a cell to code for proteins.
• A cell’s mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes translate the code into a sequence of amino acids.
• The amino acids form a protein needed for cell function.
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10. 4.1 Living things inherit traits in patterns.
I. Living things inherit traits in patterns.
sexual reproduction
A. Parents and offspring are similar.
gene
B. Genes are on chromosome pairs.
heredity
C. Gregor Mendel made some important discoveries about heredity.
allele
phenotype
1. One Example
genotype
dominant
2. Mendel’s Conclusions
recessive
D. Alleles interact to produce traits.
1. Phenotype and Genotype
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2. Dominant and Recessive Alleles
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

11. Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
4.2
Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
II. Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
Punnett square
A. Punnett squares show possible outcomes for inheritance.
probability
B. Percentages can express the probability of outcomes.
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12. DNA is divided during meiosis.
4.3
DNA is divided during meiosis.
III. DNA is divided during meiosis.
gamete
A. Meiosis is necessary for sexual reproduction.
egg
B. Cells divide twice during meiosis.
sperm
1. Meiosis I
fertilization
2. Meiosis II
meiosis
3. Combinations of Alleles
C. Meiosis and mitosis differ in some important ways.
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KEY CONCEPT
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13. Cells use DNA and RNA to make proteins.
4.4
Cells use DNA and RNA to make proteins.
IV. Cells use DNA and RNA to make proteins.
replication
A. DNA is the information molecule.
RNA
1. Proteins and Amino Acids
2. DNA and the Genetic Code
B. Replication produces two copies of DNA.
C. RNA is needed to make proteins.
1. Types of RNA
2. Transcription
3. Translation
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