1. Languages, Dialects, and Varieties
An Introduction to Sociolinguistics: Ronald Wardhaugh

2. Overview Important Terms: Bell’s Seven Criteria For Languages VARIETY
DIALECT
Dialect geography, isoglosses, boundaries, and continuum
VERNACULAR
PATOIS
KOINE
Style/Register
Accent
Bell’s Seven Criteria For Languages
standardization, vitality, historicity, autonomy, reduction, mixture, and de facto norms

3. variety
“A set of linguistic terms with similar distribution” (Hudson 1996, 22 via Wardhaugh 23)
Bonjour
Salve

4. Variety Cont.
“any body of human speech patterns which is sufficiently homogeneous to be analyzed by available techniques of synchronic description and which has a sufficiently large repertory of elements and their arrangements or processes with broad enough semantic scope to function in all formal contexts of communication” (Ferguson 1972, 30 via Wardhaugh 23)
“Such varieties as Standard English, Cockney, lower-class New York City speech, Oxford English, legalese, cocktail party talk, and so on. One important task, then, in sociolinguistics is to determine if such unique sets of items or patterns actually do exist” (Wardhaugh 23)

5. Language Vs. dialect
Ambiguous – “As Haugen says, the terms ‘represent a simple dichotomy in a situation that is almost infinitely complex’” (Wardhaugh 25)
“Language is used to refer either to a single linguistic norm or to a group of related norms, and dialect is used to refer to one of the norms” (Wardhaugh 25)
Influence of “ideological dimensions – social, cultural, and sometimes political – beyond…purely linguistic ones” (Wardhaugh 32)
Standard VS. non-standard

6. Dialects Dialect geography Isoglosses Dialect boundaries
Dialect continuum

7. vernacular
“the language a person grows up with and uses in everyday life in ordinary, commonplace, social interactions” (Wardhaugh 24)
Negative connotations

8. patois
French distinction between “un dialecte and un patois. The former is a regional variety of language that has an associated literary tradition, whereas the latter is a regional variety that lacks such a literary tradition” (Wardhaugh 25)
Pejorative
Literary tradition after advent of standardization excludes

9. koine
“a form of speech shared by people of different vernaculars – though for some of them the koine itself may be their vernacular” (Petyt 1980, 25 via Wardhaugh 40)

10. Other factors
Styles/Registers
Accent

11. Bell’s seven criteria for languages
Standardization
Vitality
Historicity
Autonomy
Reduction
Mixture
De facto norms

12. My Varieties Dialects: Accent: General American Registers:
Vernacular: Standard English
Koine: Standard English
Neo-Latin
(German, Spanish, French)
*Attic Greek, Koine
Accent: General American
Registers:
Casual
Formal
Tourist
Latin class/Conventiculum