1. LOGISTICS (loh JIS tiks) n.
Do Now 2/11
LOGISTICS (loh JIS tiks) n.
the management of the details of an operation
The Normandy invasion is a great example of military LOGISTICS.
The LOGISTICS involved in building the Golden Gate Bridge required an immense amount of time and resources.
General Eisenhower was an expert of military LOGISTICS.

2. Chapter 5.2: Prokaryotes and Algae (so fun you guys)
INB PG 51

3. Old and Simple
Prokaryotes are among the most important of the primary producers in the ocean.
They don’t have the same complex internal membrane structure.
They lack chromosomes or a nucleus. Instead they have a ring of DNA or RNA.
They don’t have mitochondria and lack chloroplasts.
They are structurally simple – molecules are surrounded by a membrane and cell wall.
They are believed to be the oldest types of organisms – archaea originated 3.5 billion years ago.
Scientists think that the process of photosynthesis began with cyanophytes of domain Bacteria, an early prokaryote.
Prokaryotes – Small yet Significant
Chapter 5 Page 5-12

4. Archaea and Bacteria
Domain Archaea and domain Bacteria are best known for being extremophiles – living in environments that are inhospitable to most life.
Bacteria can do things no other known organisms can do:
Certain species can create organic nitrogen compounds by fixing inorganic nitrogen from the air – an essential element of life.
The most important bacteria are in the phylum Cyanophyta (also known as blue-green bacteria or blue-green “algae”). Scientists think that these bacteria are crucial to life because:
Photosynthesis evolved in the cyanophytes.
Cyanophytes were the primary organisms that created the oxygen in the atmosphere.
Cyanophytes are important as nitrogen fixers.
They are the only bacteria considered to be an “algae.”
Prokaryotes – Small yet Significant
Chapter 5 Pages 5-13 to 5-15

5. Cyanophyta – Blue-green Algae

6. A Broadly Applied Name
Algae is defined by taxonomists as those organisms that belong in one of seven specific phyla or divisions in kingdom Protista.
1. Chlorophyta – Green Algae
2. Rhodophyta – Red Algae
3. Phaeophyta – Brown Algae
4. Dinophyta / Pyrrophyta - Dinoflagellates
5. Bacillariophyta - Diatoms
6. Euglenophyta
7. Chrysophyta
Note: Phyla 1-3 are the macro-algae
(multicellular algae). Phyla 4-7 are the
single-celled algae.
Marine Algae
Chapter 5 Pages 5-16 & 5-17

7. Do Now 2/18
MALICE (MAL is) n.
a desire or intention to harm others or see them suffer
The prisoner was not granted parole because his MALICE was still obvious.
Our government is based on justice, with MALICE toward none.
We could not believe that such a young girl could harbor such MALICE toward her neighbors.
2/7
Pg 5-11 #1-7 50
2/11
Ch 5-2 notes 51
2/18
Pg 5-16 #1-4, Pg 5-25 #1-10 52
Algae Types Chart 53

8. Phylum Bacillariophyta – The Diatoms
Phylum Bacillariophyta is made up of diatoms, the most productive phytoplankton.
These primary producers are a widely diverse group.
Up to 50,000 single-celled crystalline
species may make up this phylum.
Reproduce sexually and asexually.
They have two-part SiO2 (silicon dioxide)
shells in an amazing array of shapes.
Diatoms reproduce quickly when sunlight levels rise and are thought to account for 25% of all the photosynthetic
biomass on Earth.
Skeletons of diatoms have built up to form
diatomaceous earth (a.k.a. diatomite).
Marine Algae
Chapter 5 Pages 5-17 & 5-18

9. Phylum Dinophyta – The Dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates make up phylum Dinophyta (also called phylum Pyrrophyta).
Second most productive group of
primary producers.
Symbiodinium (zooxanthellae)
are particularly important
autotrophic dinoflagellates.
They live within the coral.
They provide their host with food
via photosynthesis. (In return
Symbiodinium get nitrogenous
wastes and shelter from the
coral.
Without Symbiodinium, coral
could not exist as we know it.
Marine Algae
Chapter 5 Page 5-19

10. Phylum Dinophyta – The Dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates are responsible for what we call red tides.
Although few species are actually toxic, red tide is the common name for what we call a Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB). A bloom is what occurs during periods of rapid reproduction in an algal
population. These HAB’s
contain a fairly potent
neurotoxin which can
affect local marine and
in some cases, humans
as well.
Some dinoflagellates are
also capable of
bioluminescence.
Marine Algae
Chapter 5 Page 5-19

11. The Macro Algae Parts of an algae:
Blades – Equivalent to the leaves of terrestrial plants. Used for photosynthesis.
Stipe – Provide support like plant stems, but with no vascular system. Capable of photosynthesis.
Pneumatocyst – Gas filled float structures that lift the algae off the bottom and keep the blades close to the surface and sun. Can also photosynthesize.
Holdfast – Acts like an anchor for algae by attaching
to rocks or in the sediment. When not submerged they
can also photosynthesis.
Note: Not all parts are found in all algae.

12. Phylum Chlorophyta – Green Algae
Phylum Chlorophyta is made up of the macro-algae.
They share the same green color as land plants. Both green algae and land plants have
chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.
Scientists think the presence of chlorophyll a
and b has evolutionary significance. It may
indicate that land plants evolved from green algae.
Green algae and land plants also have other
pigments in common and have cell walls made
of cellulose.
A few species are calcareous algae, meaning
that they have deposits of CaCO2 (calcium
carbonate or limestone) in their tissue.
This provides the algae with a sort of “skeleton.”
Marine Algae
Chapter 5 Pages 5-20 & 5-21

13. Phylum Chlorophyta – Green Algae
Halimeda sp. - example of a green calcareous algae.

14. Phylum Rhodophyta – Red Algae
Red algae is red because they have pigments called phycoerythrins which give it their color. This pigment has not been found in any other eukaryote, though it does exist in cyanophytes.
Many species of red algae are also calcareous.
This is important to coral reefs because it is the cement that holds the coral reefs together.
Their CaCO2 secretions help bond
coral colonies and debris together
which in turn holds the reef together.
Marine Algae
Chapter 5 Pages 5-21 & 5-22

15. Phylum Rhodophyta – Red Algae
Other species of red algae are also very commercially important.
Species in the genus Chondrus (commonly known as Irish Moss) are harvested for an extract known as carrageenan. Carrageenan is an emulsifier and has been used in food products for hundreds of years.
Algae in the genus Porphyra are also called nori. Nori is the
type of seaweed which is used to make sushi and many other
Asian foods.

16. Phylum Phaeophyta – Brown Algae
Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae), is more structurally complex.
Kelp is the largest of the brown algae.
Kelp is important because it is the foundation for many temperate coastal ecosystems.
Some kelp can reach a length of up to 60m (~ 200 ft.).
The Sargasso sea is named for Sargassum sp., a type of
floating brown algae which is very common in Florida.
Marine Algae
Chapter 5 Pages 5-23 & 5-24