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Electric Shock Therapy
Good or bad? Katie Robinson
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History Traces back to Hippocrates
Malaria-induced convulsions cure the insane Convulsions and insanity cannot coexist
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Julius Wagner-Jauregg
Austria
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1917 Noticed patients that survive high fevers become more sane
Injected 9 chronic paresis patients with malaria Four completely recovered, two improved
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Performed complicated treatment on 275 people at risk for paresis
83% of people did not develop paresis Awarded Nobel Prize in 1927 for his work
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Manfred J. Sakel Berlin, Germany
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1927 Working as an internist at Lichterfelde Hospital for Mental Diseases Injected morphine addict with insulin Caused an artificial coma – showed improvement mentally
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Overdose of insulin cause convulsions
Improved technique became “Sakel’s Technique” Significant for psychiatry – first effective treatment for schizophrenia
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Survey - 1939 American Psychiatric Association
1757 schizophrenic patients
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Pennsylvania Hospital performed survey
63% improved immediately 42% improved within two years More studies found results were temporary
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Ladislaus von Meduna Budapest
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1933 Unaware of Sakel’s discoveries Experimented on animals first
Metrazol induced convulsions
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110 people – 50% improved, some cured
Violent seizures – spine fractures in 42% of patients
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Ugo Cerletti
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Previously studied epileptics
Worked with Lucio Bini and L. B. Kalinowski Tested electric shocks on mice
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Vast improvement in patients
10-20 shocks on alternating days Caused memory loss and distorted memory of shock
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1970’s Used on unruly patients Unstrapped and unmedicated
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Now
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General anesthesia and muscle relaxers
Typical number of shocks: 6-12 Electrodes place on the head
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Side effects Memory loss – short & long term
Studies shown memories can be retrieved Some patients still have memory loss
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Study in July 2007 – some cognitive problems
Concerns about effects on brain structure Inconclusive studies
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Who have received electric shock therapy
Famous people Who have received electric shock therapy Ernest Hemingway (writer)– committed suicide Silvia Path (poet) – committed suicide Robert Lowell (poet) Lou Reed (rock star)
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