1. Feeding Full Fat Soybeans to Cattle
Sergio Calsamiglia
Departamento de Ciencia Animal y de los Alimentos
Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona

2. Soybeans High fat content High protein content
Positive effects on energy supply
Effect of processing
High protein content
Positive effects in protein supply

3. Ruminal Metabolism of Fat
Glycerol
Fatty Acid
coo-
Saturated
Unsaturated
Fibrolytic
Bacteria

4. Effect of Feeding Oil on ADF Digestion in the Rumen
(Ikwuegbu and Sutton, 1982)

5. Carbohydrate Degradation
Fibre
Starch
Glucose
Pyruvate
Lactate
Acetate
Butyrate
Propionate
MILK FAT

6. Factors Affecting Toxicity
Fat X
Glycerol
Fatty Acid
coo-
Saturated
Unsaturated
Fibrolytic
Bacteria

7. Effect of FFSB Processing on Free FA (mg/g substrate DM)
Reddy et al., 1994

8. Effect of Type of Processing of FFSB on NDF Degradation in the Rumen
Reddy et al., 1994

9. Characteristics of the Ideal Fat
Ruminal level
In form of tryglicerides (less ruminal effects)
Seed, encapsulated or protected (Ca soap)
Saturated

10. Intestinal Digestion Triglycerides Emulsion Monoglycerides FA FA FA
Absorption
Bile salts

11. Emulsion - Digestion Fat emulsion is necessary for absorption
Micel foramation is best with short and medium FA
Micel formation is best with unsaturated FA

12. Degree of Saturation/Unsaturation

13. Ingestinal Digestibility of Fats
NRC, 2001

14. Energy Value of Fats
NRC, 2001

15. Characteristics of the Ideal Fat
Ruminal level
In form of tryglicerides (less ruminal effects)
Seed, encapsulated or protected (Ca soap)
Saturated
Intestinal level
Medium length
Unsaturated

16. Partial Summary
Oilseeds have a good FA profile and when supplied as seeds are close to an “ideal fat”
Saturated fats or calcium soaps of FA are viable alternatives, but its intestinal digestibility is low
Due to changes in intestinal digestion, energy values have been recently reevaluated
The energy value of vegetable fats has increased, and that of animal and hydrogenated vegetable fats has dicreased.

17. Productive Responses Measures: Source of Data: DM Intake
Milk Production
Milk Composition
Source of Data:
French: (Chilliard & Ollier, 1994)
USA: (Shaver, 1993)
NRC, 2001 (Allen, 2000)

18. Effects on DM Intake

19. Effects on DM Intake

20. Effects on Production
+1,1 kg/d

21. Effects on Production
+0,19 kg/d

22. Effects on Milk Fat
- 0,04%

23. Effects on Milk Fat
- 0,01%

24. Effects on Milk Protein
- 0,05%

25. Effects on Milk Protein
- 0,07%

26. Preliminary Conclusions: Fat
Fats reduce intake with lower effects in full fats oilseeds, with the exception of FFSB, where intake is not affected
Fats increase milk production
Fats reduce milk fat between 0,04 (animal and protected fats) and 0,01 % (vegetable fats), except FFSB and cottonseed.
All fats result in a slight reduction in milk protein between

27. Soybeans High fat content High protein content
Positive effects on energy supply
High protein content
Positive effects in protein supply

28. Oilseeds
High protein content, generally degradable, and with some essential AA (Lys).
The inclusion rate is limitted by the level and quality of the fat fractions.

29. Nitrogen Metabolism CP NoDeg-N InDig-N Deg-N Bac-N E NH3 Rumen Rec AA
Pep - AA
Deg-N
Bac-N E
NH3
Rumen
Rec AA
Liver
Used
Protein
Urea

30. Protein Requirements
Ammonia and degradable protein requirements have been defined
True protein is used more efficiently than non-protein N
Requirements are expressed as digestible protein
Some aminoacids have requirements (Lys, Met)

31. Microbial Protein and Source of Nitrogen
Griswold et al., 1996

32. Aminoacid Supply: CNCPS (Lactation – 17% CP/DM)

33. Dairy Cattle
As the level of production increases, the deficit of AA also increases
In these conditions, the supply of essemtial AA is important
Therefore, the supply of protein supplements high in rumen undegradable protein, with high intestinal digestibility and good AA profile is important.

34. Protein Degradation

35. Intestinal Digestion

36. Supply of Digestible Protein (g/kg)
FFSB: % CP x 20% RUP x 85% ID = 6,63
Sunflower: 19% CP x 11% RUP x 80% ID = 1,67
Linseed: % CP x 14% RUP x 85% ID = 2,61
Rapessed: 21% CP x 21% RUP x 50% ID = 2,15

37. Supply of Digestible Protein (g/d)
FFSB: ,63% x 2,5 kg = 170 g (EE=20%)
Sunflower: 1,67% x 0,8 kg = 13 g (EE=44%)
Linseed: 2,61% x 1,0 kg = 26 g (EE=36%)
Rapeseed: 2,15% x 0,9 kg = g (EE=40%)

38. % Ruminal Degradability % Intestinal Digestibility
Dietary Protein =
Intake Protein (kg/d) x
% Ruminal Degradability
% Intestinal Digestibility X
% AA

39. Lysine in Bacteria and Feeds
g/100 gAA

40. Methionine in Bacteria and Feeds
g/100 gAA

41. % Ruminal Degradability % Intestinal Digestibility
Dietary Protein =
Intake Protein (kg/d) x
% Ruminal Degradability
% Intestinal Digestibility X
% AA

42. Available Methionine
Seeds

43. Avalialable Lysine
Seeds

44. Observations
Non-processed oilseeds have a limitted contribution to the supply of dietary AA to the small intestine, buy soybeans are the best option
Processing provides the best added value, but those rich in lysine (as soybeans) have better protection
Becuase the higher inclusion rate, higher protein and high lysine content, FFSB are the best election for processing

45. Processing and Undegradable Protein

46. Productive Response c b a

47. How Much RFFSB in my Diet?
(según Knapp et al., 1991)

48. Typical Diet (% DM, 40 L milk)
Alfalfa Hay 10 NEl, Mcal/kg 1.72
Corn Silage 45 CP, %
CGF NDF, % 32
Corn f-NDF, % 22
Soybean Hulls NFC, % 38
SBM EE, %
R-FFSB Rumen pH
DDGS Lys, %Req 117
MinVit Met, % Req 112

49. Conclusions
Full Fat Soybeans are an excellent source of energy (fat), rumen degradable protein,
If processed, they are also good sources of undegradable protein and lysine
The recommended level of inclusion depends on total PUFA in the diet: general suggestion: FFSB at maximum of 2,5 kg/animal/day. Extruded (assuming 10% fat), maximum 2-3 kg/animal/day
Soybeans is the best option for processing among other oilseeds