1. The Early Cold War:

2. The Ideological Struggle
Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations
US & the Western Democracies
GOAL  spread world-wide Communism
GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.
METHODOLOGIES:
Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples  “proxy wars”
Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

3. A. Roots of the Cold War

4. Shaping of the Post-War World
The 2 sides disagreed what model the world should follow
Yalta violated by both sides

5. The Bipolarization of Europe
West takes after the U.S.
East takes after the Soviet Union

6. The “Iron Curtain” Divide between Eastern & Western Europe
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

7. Partition of Germany 4 zones of influence after WWII
Soviet Union wanted to punish Germany for WWII
US (& Allies) wanted to rebuild

8. B. Containment

9. George Kennan & The Long Telegram & Article X
U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union
1946 – writes the “Long Telegram” and later Article X
To Truman: the Soviets are expanding & they must be contained
“The Soviets ideology is the outside world was hostile and that it was their duty eventually to overthrow the political forces beyond their borders”

10. Truman Doctrine [1947]
Containment – stopping the spread of Communism, but not eliminating it from countries that already are communist
1947: Greece and Turkey under threat of communist parties
The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressure.
The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.
Aid will be provided
to other nations
under threat from
communism

11. Sec of State George Marshall
Marshall Plan [1948]
Western European nations threatened by Communism because of instability
The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it.
“This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.”
$12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected]
Sec of State George Marshall

13. Conflict over Germany 1948-49

14. Independence?
1948 – the U.S., France, & Britain wanted Germany to become independent
Soviet Union does not & takes Berlin Hostage
Became a symbolic issue

15. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)
Soviet Union cuts off all ground transportation in and out of Berlin
June 1948 – May 1949 U.S. had to fly all supplies into Berlin
277,000 flights and 2 million tons of supplies
U.S. would win & blockade ended

17. The End Effect Germany would be divided into 2 nations
West Germany: Democratic
East Germany: Communist
Berlin continued to be divided

18. D. The Arms Race & Military Alliances

19. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
United States
Belgium
Britain
Canada
Denmark
France
Iceland
Italy
Luxemburg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
1952: Greece & Turkey
1955: West Germany
1983: Spain

20. Warsaw Pact (1955) U. S. S. R. Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania

21. Two Nuclear Powers
The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949.

23. Hydrogen Bomb Both now wanted stronger nuclear weapons
U.S. 1st to test a Hydrogen Bomb in Nov. 1952
Soviet Union tested theirs in August 1953

24. The Arms Race
Both nations will now compete to develop and create more nuclear weapons

25. National Defense Budget

26. E. Containment in Asia

27. China: 1949 Civil War ends Becomes communist under Mao Zedong
Called the People’s Republic of China
Seen as a major failure of containment
Nationalists set up their own government in Taiwan called the Republic of China

28. United Nations deals with China
Which China gets the seat in the UN?
ROC given the seat
Soviet Union will boycott in protest

29. War in Korea
Korea divided at the end of WWII at 38th parallel
1950: N. Korea
invaded S. Korea
U.S. didn’t want
containment to fail
Pressures UN to invade

30. War in Korea 1950-1953 Troops led by MacArthur Takes war into N. Korea
China enters the war

31. War in Korea 1950-1953 Mac wants to use the A-bomb Truman fires him
Negotiations begin for a cease-fire
Achieved in 1953

32. F. Cold War Under Eisenhower

33. Massive Retaliation Created by Sec. of State Dulles
Rejection of Containment
2 Principals:
1. Encourage Liberation
2. Retaliation
Brinkmanship – being on the verge of war
“New Look Military” Eisenhower scales back army & navy in favor of nuclear capabilities

34. Death of Stalin (1953) Nikita Khrushchev becomes premier
Believed in “peaceful coexistence”
Agreement at Geneva
Summit (1955) for nuclear disarmament
Relations sour after Hungarian Uprising in 1956
“We will bury you”

35. Sputnik (1957) Soviet satellite launched into space
Showed the U.S. falling behind technologically
National Defense Education Act (NDEA): rigorous education program
Science
Math
Foreign Lang.
1958: U.S. launches satellite Explorer I
NASA formed in 1958

36. Berlin (Again) 1958: Khrushchev issues ultimatum
Get out of W. Berlin
Eisenhower refuses to give in
Send Nixon to U.S.S.R in 1959
Kitchen Debates
Khrushchev visits for 2 weeks
2 countries agree to summit in 1960 to discuss issues

37. U-2 Incident U-2 Spy plane shot down May 1960
U.S. denied it was spying
U.S.S.R proved they were
Happened 10 days before planned summit
Worst U.S – Soviet relations since Stalin

38. G. Cuba

39. Fidel Castro January 1, 1959, wrestles control from Fulgencio Batista
Reason?
Too much American control in Cuba
Tries to visit U.S.
Ike refuses to meet with him
Nationalizes all U.S. property

40. Alliance with the U.S.S.R Sept 1959, Khrushchev offers aid
Castro accepts – turns Cuba communist
1960: U.S. begins plotting against Castro & breaks off diplomatic ties
Castro encourages Latin America to have Communist Revolutions