14. Concepts and Calculations
Bullet Trajectory
Concepts and Calculations

15. Mass X Acceleration (kg· m/s2)
What is a force?
Strength or energy from a physical action or movement
Something that causes a change in the motion of an object.
Mass X Acceleration (kg· m/s2)
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 17

16. Important Forces Forward force of the bullet Downward force of gravity
To some extent:
Wind speed

17. What do forensic scientist do at a crime scene?
Analyze scene to determine where the suspects or victims were located.
Search for bullet holes (in walls, ceilings, floors, furniture, etc.) and then analyze the shapes and basic trigonometry to reconstruct the crime scene

18. Round impacts
If a bullet is fired straight into a wall (at an impact angle of 90o) and penetrates, it leaves behind a perfectly circular hole corresponding roughly to the size of the bullet.
A hole such as this helps crime scene investigators determine the caliber and type of gun used but not the distance of the shooter when firing.

19. Elliptical impacts
If the angle is off by even the slightest degree, though, the hole is an ellipse. With a hole of this type, investigators can not only determine the size of the bullet, but, by using basic trigonometry, they can tell where the bullet came from.

20. Calculating Impact Angles
Calculating the angle a bullet was fired from works the same as calculating the angle of blood spatter.

21. Calculating impact angles
Calculate the angle of impact for a hole with a major axis of 20mm and a minor axis as 15mm. Remember, the sine of the angle of impact is equal to the minor axis divided by the major axis. Sine (i) = minor/major
Sine (i) = 15/20
i = sin -1(15/20)
i = 48.59o

22. Checking your work
Typically, determining angles by measurement of the ellipse gives only a rough approximation; however, the greater the difference between the major and minor axis (i.e., the more elliptical the bullet hole), the greater the degree of accuracy of this method of pinpointing the trajectory.
After the bullet hole has been thoroughly examined, you can use a dowel and a protractor to ensure that the calculated angle is accurate.

23. Method 1 How to determine the impact angle:
Insert a dowel into the bullet hole.
Measure angle formed between the dowel and the surface.
Many types of trajectory dowels, including some with laser attachments, are available commercially.
Caveats:
Inserting a dowel into a bullet hole before it has been properly examined, though, may destroy crucial evidence such as gunshot residue, fibers, or even biological evidence, which may have been carried into the hole along with the bullet.

24. Bullet Trajectory
Trajectory: path of the propelled bullet

25. Trajectory and Gravity
Bullet’s path is slightly curved
Gravity pulls it downward as the bullet moves forward
Diagram is highly exaggerated

26. Reconstruct the Flight Path
Once the impact angle is firmly established, use trajectory string to reconstruct the flight path of the bullet.
To do this, tape string to the point of impact, and then extend it along one side of the dowel and beyond to make a straight line to the floor.
Tape that end to the floor.
Somewhere along that line is where the shooter’s shoulder was positioned.

27. Reconstructing the Scene
The process of reconstructing a crime scene using a single bullet hole is based on the properties of right triangles. We know that inside a right triangle the three angles must total 180o, and we know that one of the angles is a right angle, or 90o (the angle between the floor and the wall). Therefore, if we know just one of the other two angles, we can solve for the third.
A=55 a
B= 90 b
C= ? c

28. Take the following example:
Here we know that angle B is equal to 90o. We can use the bullet hole to determine the measure of angle A Let’s assume, for this example that this angle is 55 o. We then know the measure of angle C: 180 – (A + B) = C, or = 35 o. We will call this angle the angle of elevation or angle of depressions, since it is the angle to which the shooter raised or lowered the shooting arm when firing.
A=55 a
B= 90 b
C= ? c
We will be able to tell whether the bullet entered a surface from above or below (indicating elevation or depression) by observing the shape of the bullet hole.

29. So how does all this help us reconstruct a crime scene?
If we know the length of a in the previous triangle, we can find the length of b, and vice versa. That means if we know the shoulder height of our suspect and the length of a (distance from impact point to a position on the wall at 90o from the shooter’s shoulder), we can determine how far the shooter was from the point of impact when firing a gun (b). We need to use the shoulder height rather than the total height because this is the height from which a gun is fired.
Likewise, if we know how far away our shooter was from the point of impact when firing, we can determine their shoulder height. This may help us eliminate or confirm individuals on our suspect list
A=55 c a
C= ?
B= 90 b

30. Sine, Cosine, and Tangent: SOH-CAH-TOA
Sine Function:
sin(θ) = Opposite / Hypotenuse
Cosine Function:
cos(θ) = Adjacent / Hypotenuse
Tangent Function:
tan(θ) = Opposite / Adjacent

31. How to read a right triangle
Sine, Cosine and Tangent are all based on a Right-Angled Triangle
"Opposite" is opposite to the angle θ
"Adjacent" is adjacent (next to) to the angle θ
"Hypotenuse" is the long one
Adjacent is always next to the angle
And Opposite is opposite the angle

32. Calculating distances
We have a suspect who is 6’5” (77”) tall, with a shoulder height of 5’9” (69”). If our bullet hole is located 8’4” (100”) from the floor, with an elliptical shape pointed downwards (consistent with an elevated trajectory), we can determine where this suspect was standing in the room is if he is indeed the shooter
A=55
100”
77”
69” B= C=
Length of segment a is 100”-69”= 31”

33. Calculating distances
Using our geometric rules, we can now determine the length of b. In this exercise, we will use the tangent function, as we have the opposite length (31”) and are trying to find the adjacent length (b). The solution goes like this:
A=55
31”
B=90 b
77”
C= 35
69”
TAN (35) = 31/b b = 31/TAN (35) b = 44.27” or about 3’8”

34. TAN (35) = a/44 a = 44 * TAN (35) a = 30.8, or about 31”
If this suspect is our shooter, he would have to be standing 3’8” away from the wall when he fired. If the dimensions of the room make this impossible, we can begin to rule out this suspect.
Likewise, if we know the shooter was about 44” away from the point of impact when he fired (perhaps we found footprints or have an eyewitness), we can determine his height:
TAN (35) = a/44 a = 44 * TAN (35) a = 30.8, or about 31”
We would simply subtract 31” from the height of the bullet hole (100”, in this case) to arrive at our suspect’s shoulder height: 100” – 31” = 69’.
Sine = opposite/hypotenuse
Cosine = adjacent/hypotenuse
Tangent = opposite/adjacent

35. You try it b= 60” Solve for the shoulder height of the shooter A= 60
Sine = opposite/hypotenuse
Cosine = adjacent/hypotenuse
Tangent = opposite/adjacent
You try it
Solve for the shoulder height of the shooter
Bullet hole is 110” off the ground
A= 60 a
B=90 ? C=
b= 60” ?

36. Practice 2 b A=45 B=90 C= How far was the shooter from the impact?
Bullet hole is 100” off ground
A=45
__”
B=90 b
5’2” C=
4’4”
Sine = opposite/hypotenuse
Cosine = adjacent/hypotenuse
Tangent = opposite/adjacent

37. Practice 3
How far away would the suspect have been standing?
Bullet hole is 16’ off the ground
A=57
__”
B=90 b 6’ C= 5’
Sine = opposite/hypotenuse
Cosine = adjacent/hypotenuse
Tangent = opposite/adjacent