1. Pathogenic Pore-Forming Proteins: Function and Host Response
Mirko Bischofberger, Ioan Iacovache, F. Gisou van der Goot 
Cell Host & Microbe 
Volume 12, Issue 3, Pages (September 2012)
DOI: /j.chom
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1 Representative Pore-Forming Proteins of All Kingdoms
The colors represent the pore-forming protein structural family: CDC/MACPF (green), aerolysin (blue), α-hemolysin (orange), colicin/Bax (yellow), actinoporins (pink), ClyA (purple), and the yet undefined class of RTX toxins (white).
Cell Host & Microbe  , DOI: ( /j.chom )
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Schematic Representation of Selected Response Pathways to Pore-Forming Proteins
The described pathways have been reported but do not necessarily apply to all PFTs (see text). Calcium entry through the pore may lead to the calcium-dependent formation in membrane blebs that may initially be isolated from the rest of the cell by an annexin plug. If membrane repair fails in the blebs, the membrane domain is shed off the cell. Calcium entry may also trigger the fusion of secretory lysosomes, that contain acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). Upon secretion, ASM cleaves the head groups of sphingomyelin and phosphatidyl choline, which in turns triggers endocytosis leading to uptake of the PFP.
Efflux of ATP through the pore may lead to the activation of P2X channel, which in turn leads to opening of the pannexin channels, allowing massive potassium efflux. The rise in calcium and drop in potassium trigger a variety of secondary events (see Figure 3 and text).
Cell Host & Microbe  , DOI: ( /j.chom )
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Calcium and Potassium Are the Master Regulators of the Cellular Response to PFPs
It should be kept in mind that PFPs will also trigger responses in a calcium- and potassium-independent manner (see text).
Cell Host & Microbe  , DOI: ( /j.chom )
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions