1. Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life, by Philippe Ariès (1962)
Ariès was a French social historian: interested in changes in ideas and practices as ordinary people experienced them
Mass education developed alongside a new view of children
What surprised you about the reading?

3. Philippe de Champaigne “The Habert de Montmort Children” (1649)

4. Jan Steen, “A School for Boys and Girls” c. 1670

5. Age as a Significant Feature of One’s Personhood
Age becomes a marker for other characteristics (responsibility, wisdom, competence)
Gradations of age become significant: birthdays
Controversy about “holding children back” or “repeating a grade”
Marking age is sign of the power of the state: registration of births, p. 16; or SSN