1. Chapter 1 Section 1 Standard: 10.1

2. Greek Roots of Democracy

3. The Rise of Greek City-States
The Greeks, isolated in mountain valleys and on islands, built small, independent city-states.
CITY-STATES is a political unit made up of a city and the surrounding lands.
The Greeks expanded over seas from Spain to Egypt.

4. Governing the City-States
Cities were built on 2 levels:
On a hilltop was a acropolis (uh KRAH puh lis), the high city, with its great temples dedicated to different gods and goddesses.
On flatter ground below were the main city with the marketplace, theater, public buildings, and homes.

5. Governing the City-States
acropolis
TOWN

6. Governing the City-States
Population: small
Helps citizens share responsibility for its triumphs and defeats
Community:
Men spent time outdoors in marketplace
Debated issues that affected their lives
Whole-community festivals honoring the city’s special god or goddess

7. A Change 750 B.C B.C.
First, a king ruled the polis which is a monarchy.
MONARCHY: King or queen has central power
Then power shifted to a class of noble landowners which is an aristocracy. At first they defended the King. Eventually they changed and won power for themselves.
ARISTOCRACY: Small ruling group

8. Changes in Warfare
Middle class became more powerful with changes in military technology
New fighting method: Phalanx
A massive formation that required many hours of practice.
Intensive training lead to strong sense of unity among citizen-soldiers

9. Changes in Warfare
Putting the defense of the city-state in the hands of ordinary citizens lead to less class difference.
It also led to a change among 2 of the most influential city-states: Sparta and Athens
Sparta stressed stern discipline
Athens glorified the individual and extended political rights to more citizens.

10. Sparta: A Nation of Soldiers
In 600 B.C. became a military state
At age 7 they began training for a lifetime in the army
Course diet
Hard exercise
Rigid system of discipline

11. Sparta: A Nation of Soldiers
Girls: Were expected to produce healthy sons for the army.
Worked to exercise and strengthen their bodies

12. Sparta: A Nation of Soldiers
Government:
2 kings
Council of Elders
Assembly: made up of all citizens. They were responsible for approving major decisions.
Citizens: Male, native-born, over age 30
Ephors: elected by assembly, officials who held the real power and ran day-to-day affairs.

13. Athens: A Limited Democracy
DEMOCRACY: government by the people.
The ideal of democracy began in Athens
In Athens their government began as a monarchy but evolved into an aristocracy.

14. Athens: A Limited Democracy
700 B.C. noble landowners held power and chose chief officials.
Nobles judged major cases in court and dominated the assembly.
Athenian wealth and power grew.
However, ordinary people were unhappy.
They wanted more rights, especially farmers who during hard times, were forced to sell their land to nobles and became slaves.

15. Athens: A Limited Democracy
In 594 B.C. Solon was the trusted leader
He outlawed debt slavery and freed those already sold into it to pay off debts
He opened offices to more citizens
Loosened citizenship requirements
Gave Athenian Assembly more authority
His reforms assured more fairness and justice to small groups

16. Athens: A Limited Democracy
Still, many ordinary people were still upset thus leading to tyrants.
TYRANTS: leaders who gain power through force
Tyrants won the support of merchant class and the poor by creating reforms to help these groups.

17. Athens: A Limited Democracy
Tyrant: Pisistratus (py SIS truh tus)
Gave farmers and poor citizens a greater voice, weakening the aristocracy
507 B.C. reformer: Cleisthenes (KLYS thuh neez)
Made role of citizens in government bigger
Created council of 500, whose members were chosen by citizens over 30.
Made council a legislature: prepared laws, supervised day-to-day work of government, debated laws before deciding to approve or reject them

18. Athens: A Limited Democracy
By modern standard their democracy was very limited.
Only make citizens could participate in the government
Few people qualified for citizenship
Women had no share in public life

19. Assignment #1:
What process took city-states from monarchy to aristocracy and, in Athens, to democracy?
You can create a timeline or write in paragraph form a response. If you choose a timeline you must use complete sentences to explain each tick mark.