Chapter 23 Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World,

Chapter 23 Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750-1850
Enlightenment leads to Imperialism © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved

A Reason to Imperialize
Since the monarchs of Europe could no longer raise money by collecting taxes, due to enlightenment ideas like the rights of individuals and growing democratic reforms in Europe, during the end of the Middle Ages, they started to look towards colonial expansion as a new source of revenue in order to continue to expand their empires. Of all European nations Britain, France, and Spain, Britain, would be the most successful at colonial expansion on a global basis. The age of exploration and revolutions in science and industry as well as political revolutions in Europe and the Americas would enable these European colonial powers to move into undeveloped areas of the world and colonize these areas for the purpose of exploitation of resources and the indigenous people. The Age of Enlightenment would also bring about changes in governing and people’s desire to have freedom. Revolutions would start in America and France but would find their way throughout the world over the next two centuries.

Broken down into 2 periods The Old Imperialism The New Imperialism
Stronger nation seeks to dominate a weaker nation politically, economically, and socially Broken down into 2 periods The Old Imperialism The New Imperialism

European power was limited
The Old Imperialism Europeans establish colonies in Americas, India, Southeast Asia, Africa, & China European power was limited

Focused mainly in Asia & Africa
The New Imperialism Japan, U.S. & industrialized nations of Europe became more aggressive in expanding into other lands Focused mainly in Asia & Africa Declining empires & wars left them vulnerable

Causes of the New Imperialism
Economic Need for natural resources & new Markets (Industrial Revolution) Place for growing populations to settle Place to invest profits

Political Bases for trade & military ships
Power & security of global empire Spirit of nationalism

Social Missionaries Spread Christianity Share western civilization
Belief than western ways are best Racism Social Darwinism

Natural for stronger nations to dominate weaker ones
Social Darwinism Applied Darwin’s theory of Survival of the fittest to competition between nations Natural for stronger nations to dominate weaker ones

Chapter Outline 23-1 Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century Crisis Burning of Cap Français, Saint Domingue, in In 1791, the slaves of Saint Domingue, France’s richest colony, began a rebellion that, after years of struggle, ended slavery and created the Western Hemisphere’s second independent nation, Haiti.

Chronology from 1750-1800 The Americas Europe 1750
1754–1763 French and Indian War 1770 Boston Massacre 1756–1763 Seven Years’ War 1775 1776 American Declaration of Independence 1778 United States alliance with France 1781 British surrender at Yorktown 1783 Treaty of Paris ends American Revolution 1791 Slaves revolt in Saint Domingue (Haiti) 1798 Toussaint L’Ouverture defeats British in Haiti 1778 Death of Voltaire and Rousseau 1789 Storming of Bastille begins French Revolution; Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen in France 1793–1794 Reign of Terror in France 1795–1799 The Directory rules France 1799 Napoleon overthrows the Directory 1800 1804 Haitians defeat French invasion and declare Independence 1804 Napoleon crowns himself emperor 1814 Napoleon abdicates; Congress of Vienna opens 1815 Napoleon defeated at Waterloo 1830 Greece gains independence; revolution in France overthrows Charles X 1848 Revolutions in France, Austria, Germany, Hungary, and Italy

Poem by Rudyard Kipling Offered justification for imperialism
White Man's Burden Poem by Rudyard Kipling Offered justification for imperialism White imperialist had a moral duty to educate less developed people Spread western ideas, customs & religions to people in Africa & Asia

The White Man’s Burden This famous poem, written by Britain’s imperial poet, was a response to the American take over of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War. He is also the author of the Jungle Book-this should put a new perspective on this film. What were the real intentions?

Strong economies/governments Powerful Armies & navies
Western Advantages Strong economies/governments Powerful Armies & navies Superior technology Maxim Gun Steam driven warships/railroads Medical advances VS.

Forms of Imperial Control
Colony Governed internally by a foreign power Protectorate Own internal government but under control of an outside power Sphere of Influence Outside power claims exclusive investment or trading rights

“The White Man’s Burden”: Kipling’s Hymn to U.S. Imperialism
In February 1899, British novelist and poet Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem entitled “The White Man’s Burden: The United States and The Philippine Islands.” In this poem, Kipling urged the U.S. to take up the “burden” of empire, as had Britain and other European nations. Published in the February, 1899 issue of McClure’s Magazine, the poem coincided with the beginning of the Philippine-American War and U.S. Senate ratification of the treaty that placed Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines under American control. Theodore Roosevelt, soon to become vice-president and then president, copied the poem and sent it to his friend, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, commenting that it was “rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansion point of view.” Not everyone was as favorably impressed as Roosevelt. The racialized notion of the “White Man’s burden” became a euphemism for imperialism, and many anti-imperialists couched their opposition in reaction to the phrase.

Stanza 1 Take up the White Man’s Burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child Define each of the words that are underlined. Define them in context to the stanza. What is this stanza saying? Who should the US send? Why? How are the Filipinos perceived according to this stanza?

Stanza 2 Take up the White Man’s Burden— In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; Open speech and simple, A hundred times made plain To seek another’s profit, And work another’s gain. Define each of the words that are underlined. Define them in context to the stanza. What should they do first with the inhabitants? What is the real reason to send your people (troops)?

Stanza 3 Take up the White Man’s Burden— The savage wars of peace— Fill full the mouth of Famine And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest The end for others sought, Watch sloth and heathen Folly Bring all your hopes to nought. Define each of the words that are underlined. Define them in context to the stanza. What will we promise to do? (solve) What do you want the inhabitants to do for payment? In return for our services. (main/end goal)

Stanza 4 Take up the White Man’s Burden— No tawdry rule of kings, But toil of serf and sweeper— The tale of common things. The ports ye shall not enter, The roads ye shall not tread, To mark them with your living, And mark them with your dead. Define each of the words that are underlined. Define them in context to the stanza. Who will be the foreseeable problem? (try and fight back) What will you have to do about these people? (the ones fighting back)

Stanza 5 Take up the White Man’s Burden— And reap his old reward: The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard— The cry of hosts ye humour (Ah, slowly!) toward the light— “Why brought he us from bondage, Our loved Egyptian night?” Define each of the words that are underlined. Define them in context to the stanza. What will the inhabitants complain about after you have “helped” them?

Stanza 6 Take up the White Man’s Burden— Ye dare not stoop to less— Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloke your weariness; By all ye cry or whisper, By all ye leave or do, The silent, sullen peoples Shall weigh your gods and you. Define each of the words that are underlined. Define them in context to the stanza. What can you or your people absolutely NOT show or do? (imperializes)

Stanza 7 Take up the White Man’s Burden— Have done with childish days— The lightly proferred laurel, The easy, ungrudged praise. Comes now, to search your manhood Through all the thankless years Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers! Define each of the words that are underlined. Define them in context to the stanza. What will the rest of the world think of you after taking over the Philippines? How should you respond?

Rudyard Kipling’s-The White Man’s Burden
How does Kipling see the imperializes? What is their responsibility? How does Kipling see/view the imperialized? (Filipinos) How does he justify the treatment of them?

“The Black Man’s Burden”: A Response to Kipling
In February 1899, British novelist and poet Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem entitled “The White Man’s Burden: The United States and The Philippine Islands.” In this poem, Kipling urged the U.S. to take up the “burden” of empire, as had Britain and other European nations. Theodore Roosevelt, soon to become vice-president and then president, described it as “rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansion point of view.” Not everyone was as favorably impressed as Roosevelt. African Americans, among many others, objected to the notion of the “white man’s burden.” Among the dozens of replies to Kipling’s poem was “The Black Man’s Burden,” written by African-American clergyman and editor H. T. Johnson and published in April A “Black Man’s Burden Association” was even organized with the goal of demonstrating that mistreatment of brown people in the Philippines was an extension of the mistreatment of black Americans at home.

“The Black Man’s Burden”: A Response to Kipling
Pile on the Black Man’s Burden. 'Tis nearest at your door; Why heed long bleeding Cuba, or dark Hawaii’s shore? Hail ye your fearless armies, Which menace feeble folks Who fight with clubs and arrows and brook your rifle’s smoke. Pile on the Black Man’s Burden His wail with laughter drown You’ve sealed the Red Man’s problem, And will take up the Brown, In vain ye seek to end it, With bullets, blood or death Better by far defend it With honor’s holy breath. Source: H.T. Johnson, “The Black Man’s Burden,” Voice of Missions, VII (Atlanta: April 1899), 1. Reprinted in Willard B. Gatewood, Jr., Black Americans and the White Man’s Burden, 1898–1903 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press), 1975, 183–184.

Edward Morel, a British journalist in the Belgian Congo, from his book, The Black Man's Burden, 1903
It is [the Africans] who carry the 'Black man's burden'. They have not withered away before the white man's occupation. Indeed Africa has ultimately absorbed within itself every Caucasian and every Semitic invader, too. In hewing out for himself a fixed abode in Africa, the white man has massacred the African in heaps. The African has survived. What the partial occupation of his soil by the white man has failed to do; what the mapping out of European political 'spheres of influence' has failed to do; what the Maxim and the rifle, the slave gang, labor in the bowels of the earth and the lash, have failed to do; what imported measles, smallpox and syphilis have failed to do; whatever the overseas slave trade failed to do, the power of modern capitalistic exploitation, assisted by modern engines of destruction, may yet succeed in accomplishing. For from the evils of the latter, scientifically applied and enforced, there is no escape for the African. Its destructive effects are not spasmodic: they are permanent. In its permanence resides its’ fatal consequences. It kills not the body merely, but the soul. It breaks the spirit. It attacks the African at every turn, from every point of vantage. It wrecks his polity, uproots him from the land, invades his family life, destroys his natural pursuits and occupations, claims his whole time, enslaves him in his own home.

In Africa, especially in tropical Africa, which a capitalistic imperialism threatens and has, in part, already devastated, man is incapable of reacting against unnatural conditions. In those regions man is engaged in a perpetual struggle against disease and an exhausting climate, which tells heavily upon childbearing; and there is no scientific machinery for salving the weaker members of the community. The African of the tropics is capable of tremendous physical labors. But he cannot accommodate himself to the European system of monotonous, uninterrupted labor, with its long and regular hours, involving, moreover, as it frequently does, severance from natural surroundings and nostalgia, the condition of melancholy resulting from separation from home, a malady to which the African is specially prone. Climatic conditions forbid it. When the system is forced upon him, the tropical African droops and dies. Nor is violent physical opposition to abuse and injustice henceforth possible for the African in any part of Africa. His chances of effective resistance have been steadily dwindling with the increasing perfectibility in the killing power of modern armament. Thus the African is really helpless against the material gods of the white man, as embodied in the trinity of imperialism, capitalistic exploitation, and militarism....

Overarching Question for Group Project
Kiplings poem, White Man’s Burden, of 1899 presented one view of imperialism. Edward Morel, a British journalist in the Belgian Congo, drew attention to the abuses of imperialism in The Congo [for a period known in modern times as Zaïre] was perhaps the most famously exploitative of the European colonies. According to Morel, how had Europe treated Africa in the past? Overarching Question for Group Project How did European Imperialism and Decolonization affect the continents of the World? (Africa – Group 1, and East and Southeast Asia – Group 2, Latin & South America – Group 3)

23-1 Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century Crisis
Colonial Wars and Fiscal Crises Wars over trade in America and Asia broke out on several occasions in Europe. The major war in Europe was the 7 Years’ War 1756–1763 and in America was the French and Indian War 1754–1763. The price of war was extensive and created a need for more ways to increase revenue for France and England who were at war. The Enlightenment and the Old Order Enlightenment – complex and diverse intellectual movement John Locke – government was created to protect the people Jean-Jacques Rosseau – the will of the people was sacred Voltaire – Europe’s monarchs were most likely agents of political and economic reform Benjamin Franklin – symbolized the vast potential of America to European intellectuals

Colonial Expansion British and French North America: Backwater Colonies Canada Catholic church influential Seven Years War Treaty of Paris, 1763 French relinquish Canada, Mississippi Little merging of natives and immigrants Enlightenment ideas popular

Figure British naval power allowed the light infantry to scale the French fort from the St. Lawrence River and capture Quebec in The battle was a turning point in Canadian history: the beginning of the end of French rule. Figure British naval power allowed the light infantry to scale the French fort from the St. Lawrence River and capture Quebec in The battle was a turning point in Canadian history: the beginning of the end of French rule.

Colonial Expansion Impact on Western Europe
Hostilities between countries exacerbated Seven Years War (1756–1763) First global war Sugar widespread

Colonial Expansion The Impact of a New World Order
Slave trade affects Africa Latin America, eastern Europe Affected by slavery, serfdom

The West by 1750 Enlightenment Thought and Popular Culture
Scientific Revolution leads to Enlightenment Scientific methods applied to other fields General principles People are good Reason the answer Belief in progress

Enlightenment ideas lead to:
Enlightenment scientists and philosophers produced revolutions in science, the arts, government, and religion. New ideas led to the American Revolution in and will inspire the French Revolution from

Leads to the Enlightenment—a movement stressing reason and thought
Enlightenment Thinkers A revolution in intellectual activity changed Europeans’ view of government and society. Democracy continues to be extended to more and more groups of people even into today. Ideas of democracy come NOT only from Classical Civilizations like Greece and Rome, even though it was an uneven democracy but they come from Enlightened Philosophers during the age of the Renaissance and Reformation. Views on Government Scientific Revolution spurs reassessment of many prevailing ideas about governing. Europeans seek insights into society during 1600s, 1700s Leads to the Enlightenment—a movement stressing reason and thought

Natural law governed forces such as gravity and magnetism.
By the early 1700s, European thinkers felt that nothing was beyond the reach of the human mind. The discoveries of the Scientific Revolution of the 1500s and 1600s convinced educated Europeans of the power of human reason. Natural law governed forces such as gravity and magnetism. 39

Could human reason and science be used to better understand social, economic, and political problems? The approach of observation and experimentation had been used to understand natural forces such as gravity and magnetism. In this way, the Scientific Revolution led to a new revolution in thinking, known as the Enlightenment. Can humans and philosophers use observation and experimentation the same way that it had been used discovering the natural world to understand humanity? Philosophers and thinkers thought in more secular ways than in spiritual ways thereby using science in an attempt to explain human behavior in natural terms. 40

The Scientific Revolution: The Next Phase of Change
Science is the New Authority over Divine Right of Monarchs during the Middle Ages Deism God does not intervene with nature Belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe. The term is used chiefly of an intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries that accepted the existence of a creator on the basis of reason but rejected belief in a supernatural deity who interacts with humankind.

Two English thinkers, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, used reason to examine social structures. They came to very different conclusions. Favored absolute monarchy. People formed social contracts because only a powerful government can ensure social order. Thomas Hobbes wrote Leviathan. John Locke wrote Two Treatises of Government. Favored limited government. Only governments with limited power, which are accepted by all citizens, protected the natural rights of the people.

Enlightenment Thinkers
Hobbes’s Social Contract Hobbes distrusts humans, he favors strong government to keep order He promotes the idea of a social contract—getting order by giving power to monarch A social contract is a verbal or written agreement between a monarch or king and its nobles or vassals (as in a feudal contract of loyalty)

Hobbs on the Need for Government
Thomas Hobbes claimed that without government, human beings would compete for territory, resources, and power. Fighting would be common, and survival would depend on strength and cunning. Government can make it possible for people to live together peacefully and productively. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Need for Government
Government – ruling authority for a community that can make or enforce laws. Thomas Hobbs: Said that “people would compete for territory, resources, and power” and without a government they would be more likely to be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”

The Need for Government according to Hobbs
“Survival of the fittest” OR “dog eat dog world” How can government ensure that we can live together without hurting each other? Is the goal in The Preamble,– “to establish justice” an attempt by our government to carry out our most specific purpose? If so, what are some of the ways that they can establish justice? Remember Greek Democracy? (Not so democratic looking through today’s lenses.)

Two Views on Government
Locke’s Natural Rights Philosopher John Locke says government gets power from the people (Consent of the Governed through a social contract) Locke stresses that people have a right to overthrow or to replace any unjust government

John Locke (1632 – 1704)

John Locke Beliefs People are born without innate ideas. (Tabular Rasa or “blank slate”) Knowledge is determined by experience or perception. Property is a natural right derived from ones labor, work, and effort. He believed in “Popular Sovereignty” or people have a right to rule. (Voting) Revolution is not only a right but an obligation of violating a social contract if government becomes unjust.

Locke’s Beliefs People have certain natural rights and duties.
These include: Liberty Life Ownership of property The task of any state is to protect people’s rights which is one side of the social contract. The other side is for citizens to follow laws of a just and fair government.) Social Contract – “Government can be inconvenient…” BUT, it should protect human rights better than individuals can on their own. If Government did not protect the people, people had a right and an obligation to find new rulers or leaders.

Locke’s Quotes John Locke Quotes
“All mankind... being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions.” “All wealth is the product of labor.” “Every man has a property in his own person. This nobody has a right to, but himself.” “Government has no other end, but the preservation of property.”

In France, the philosophes applied the methods of science to understand society.
Diderot Edited and published the Encyclopedia to “change the general way of thinking” Voltaire Defended freedom of thought through his writings Montesquieu Published The Spirit of Laws Advocated the idea of separation of powers in government Rousseau Wrote The Social Contract Promoted the idea that people in their natural state were essentially good

The French government and Catholic Church opposed the ideas of the philosophes.
Voltaire was imprisoned and forced into exile. His books were banned. Still, he continued to defend freedom of speech. “My trade is to say what I think.” —Voltaire

Who were the Philosophes?
The Philosophe Who Advocates Radicalism The philosophes are French social critics in the mid- 1700s Value reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty Philosophe #1: Voltaire Combats Intolerance François Voltaire—influential philosophe, pen name of François Marie Arouet Publishes many works arguing for tolerance, reason Makes powerful enemies in the French Monarchy and Nobility and is imprisoned twice for his views

Francois Voltaire ( ) Pen Pal to Fredrick the Great of Prussia.

Voltaire’s Beliefs Admired John Locke and British government for development of peaceful transfer of power during the Glorious Revolution Felt that the French aristocracy was corrupt (Estates and inequality) Believed in the right of freedom of expression (speech) Believed in Separation of Church and State and the corruptible influence on each other He distrusted democracy because of ignorance of the commoners. He was a bit of an elitist. He felt that monarchs should rule only if they enlightened by philosophers like himself. He believed in “Freedom of Speech” which eventually got him jailed. by the King of France which he condemned for corruption.

Voltaire’s Beliefs, Continued…
The universe is based on reason and a respect for nature and natural law and not spiritual law. Enlightened despotism (educated and empathetic dictator) is the key for progress He fought for the right of a fair trial and freedom of religion, as well as free speech and was imprisoned by the French Crown.

Voltaire’s Quotes "In general, the art of government consists in taking as much money as possible from one class of citizens to give to the other." “I would rather obey one lion, than 200 rats of [my own] species.” “I do not agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” “It is dangerous to be right in matters on which the established authorities are wrong.” “There has never been a perfect government, because men have passions and if they did not have passions, there would be no need for government.”

The Philosophes Who Advocate Reason
Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers Baron de Montesquieu—French writer who admires Britain’s government system He favors separation of powers to keep one body from running government and becoming too powerful. Rousseau: Champion of Individual Freedom Jacques Rousseau—philosophe who favors individual freedom and direct democracy like Athenian democracy He views a social contract as an agreement by free people to form government and all citizens accept the chosen government.

Charles de Montesquieu (1689 -1755)

Philosophe #2: Baron Charles de Montesquieu’s Beliefs
Separation of Powers into 3 branches to check and stop the power of each other Legislative Executive Judicial Liberty and respect for properly constituted laws could co-exist together if each was respected. He admired the British political system ( )

Montesquieu’s Beliefs
Laws underlie all things – human, natural, and divine laws. He says there are 3 basic types of government: Monarchy – limited power placed on king/queen Republican like Rome with a Senate and emperor elected by the people: Aristocratic Republic– a few had power (land owning Greeks like Athens in a direct democracy) Democratic Republic– all citizens had power (land owning Senators who represented the citizens with an elected emperor) Despot – controlled by a tyrant with absolute authority Supported freedom (#1 & #2) and opposed tyranny (#3)

Montesquieu’s Quotes “An empire founded by war has to maintain itself by war.” “Countries are well cultivated, not as they are fertile, but as they are free.” “In the infancy of societies, the chiefs of state shape its institutions; later the institutions shape the chiefs of state.” “Liberty is the right to do what the law permits.” “Luxury ruins republics; poverty ruins monarchies.”

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

Philosophe #3: Jean Jacque Rousseau’s Beliefs
Society and pursuit of power and private property are what causes inequality and oppression. He believed that people are not naturally social. People who live in natural, isolated condition with no language are kind and have no motive/impulse to hurt one another (primitive civilizations) He was a bit of an idealist. He felt society and expectations is causes people to become evil. Laws should express the general will of the people. Any government was only legitimate if it was by common consent. (Like Locke’s Popular Sovereignty = People rule and rule over their own individuality.)

Jean Jacques Rousseau’s beliefs, continued…
State of nature was primitive without law or morality (survival of the fittest and similar to Hobbs) Humans if left in the state of nature will benefit from cooperation (civilized, socialism, and duty to community) The division of labor and property ownership required the adoption of government to keep things equal. Sovereignty should be in the hands of the people. Sovereignty is the rule of law ideally decided by direct democracy in an assembly.

Rousseau’s Quotes “Never exceed your rights, and they will soon become unlimited.” “Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains.” “To renounce liberty is to renounce being a man.... For he who renounces everything, no indemnity is possible. Such a renunciation is incompatible with man's nature…”

The Enlightenment Spreads
Enlightenment ideas spread through the Western world and profoundly influenced the arts and the development of government.

Ideas spread through salons as well as books and pamphlets
Ideas spread through salons as well as books and pamphlets. Gathering Places for discussion mostly by women By the 1700s, some middle-class women began holding salons as well. The most respected salons hosted writers and musicians such as Diderot and Mozart. In the 1600s, a group of noblewomen in Paris began inviting a few friends to their homes for poetry readings.

The Enlightenment Spreads
A World of Ideas P a r i s b e c o m e s c e n t e r o f t h e E n l i g h t e n m e n t d u r i n g s C i t y i s h o m e t o s a l o n s — g a t h e r i n g s w h e r e t h i n k e r s d i s c u s s i d e a s Philos ophe #4 - Didero t’s Encycl opedi a Philosophe Denis Diderot begins publishing Encyclopedia in 1751. s e t o f b o o k s t o w h i c h E n l i g h t e n m e n t t h i n k e r s c o n t r i b u t e e s s a y s Encyclopedia articles anger French government and Catholic Church Encyclopedia helps spread Enlightenment ideas across Europe

23-1 Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century Crisis (2 of 2)
Many intellectuals resisted the Enlightenment because they felt it was a dangerous assault on the church and the monarchy Folk Cultures and Popular Protest European monarchs sought to increase authority and centralize power but their reforms were seen as violations of sacred customs of the common people, which resulted in riots. (Imperialism too!) Enlightenment-era reformers sought to alter popular traditions and bring order and discipline to their celebration, but the people protested (Double edge sword?) Beer Street (1751). William Hogarth’s engraving shows an idealized London street scene where beer drinking is associated with manly strength, good humor, and prosperity. The self-satisfied corpulent figure in the left foreground reads a copy of the king’s speech to Parliament. We can imagine him offering a running commentary to his drinking companions as he reads.

Enlightenment Targets
Their principal targets were religion (the Catholic Church in France) and the domination of society by a hereditary aristocracy.

The Role of the Aristocrats
Despite the fact that the Church and State were more often than not allied with each other, they were keenly aware of their differences. Even kings could on occasion be attracted by arguments which seemed to undermine the authority of the Church. The fact that the aristocrats were utterly unaware of the precariousness of their position also made them overconfident, interested in dabbling in the new ideas partly simply because they were new and exciting.

The Renaissance Humanists
In the 14th and 15th centuries, "humanists“ celebrated the human race and its capacities. (Sword Side #1) They argued they were worshipping God more appropriately than the priests and monks who harped on original sin and asked people to humble themselves.

Focused on Man’s Creativity
Some of them claimed that humans were like God, created not only in his image, but with a share of his creative power. The painter, the architect, the musician, and the scholar, by exercising their intellectual powers, were fulfilling divine purposes.

Challenged Church Authority
In the 16th century, various humanists had begun to ask dangerous questions. François Rabelais, a French monk and physician influenced by Protestantism, challenged the Church's authority, ridiculing many religious doctrines as absurd.

The Scientific Revolution
In 1632, Galileo Galilei used logic, reinforced with observation, to argue for Copernicus’ idea that the earth rotates on its axis around the sun.

Church Opposition The Church objected that the Bible clearly stated that the sun moved through the sky and denounced Galileo's teachings, forcing him to recant what he had written and preventing him from teaching further.

The Advance of Science However, the Church could not prevent the advance of science – although most of those advances would take place in Protestant northern Europe out of the reach of the pope and his Inquisition.

Anti-Dogmatism Michel de Montaigne asked a single question over and over again in his Essays: "What do I know?" He realized that we have no right to impose on others dogmas which rest on cultural habit rather than absolute truth. (Sword Side #2)

Moral Relativism Influenced by non-Christian cultures in places as far off as Brazil, Montaigne argued that morals may be to some degree relative.

Cannibalism v. Persecution
Who are Europeans to insist that Brazilian cannibals, who merely consume dead human flesh instead of wasting it, are morally inferior to Europeans who persecute and oppress those of whom they disapprove? (Imperialist Cannibalism? Culture? Sword Side #2)

Skepticism René Descartes, in the 17th century, attempted to use reason to shore up his faith. He tried to begin with a blank slate, with the bare minimum of knowledge: the knowledge of his own existence – "I think, therefore I am."

Repression Repression at home: Inquisition
The 17th century was torn by witch- hunts, wars of religion, and imperial conquest. Repression abroad: Inferior cultural groups.

Religious Intolerance
Protestants and Catholics denounced each other as followers of Satan and people could be imprisoned for attending the wrong church or for not attending any. Cultural conversions abroad?

Censorship All publications, whether pamphlets or scholarly volumes, were subject to prior censorship by both church and state. Abroad: Censorship of anti- imperialist self- determination.

Slavery Slavery was widely practiced, especially in the colonial plantations of the Western Hemisphere, and its cruelties frequently defended by leading religious figures.

Despotism The despotism of monarchs exercising far greater powers than any medieval king was supported by the doctrine of the "divine right of kings," and scripture quoted to show that revolution was detested by God. Abroad: to Christianize!!! (For “God, Gold, and Glory.)

Economic Change During the late Middle Ages, peasants had begun to move from rural estates to the towns in search of increased freedom and prosperity.

Political Change As trade and communication improved during the Renaissance, the ordinary town-dweller began to realize that things need not always go on as they had for centuries. People could write new charters, form new governments, pass new laws, begin new businesses. Abroad: European realized they had a greater role in world affairs and attempted to shape world affairs.

Social Change A new class of merchants brought back wealth from Asia and the Americas, partially displacing the old aristocracy whose power had been rooted in the ownership of land. New sources of wealth to grow empire NOT based on taxation of citizens.

Agents of Change (Back to “White Man’s Burden and a Culture of Superiority)
These merchants had their own ideas about the sort of world they wanted to inhabit, and they became major agents of change, in the arts, in government, and in the economy. They were naturally convinced that their earnings were the result of their individual merit and hard work, unlike the inherited wealth of aristocrats. The ability of individual effort to transform the world became a European dogma, lasting to this day.

Obstacles to Change The chief obstacles to the reshaping of Europe were absolutist kings and dogmatic churches. They would come into conflict with a rising merchant class who sought to seek wealth through trade.

New Core Values The general trend was clear: individualism, freedom and change replaced community, authority, and tradition as core European values. To explore and settle in colonial lands bringing core values with them. Would turn on them with local people into revolutions towards self-rule.

Resistance Europeans were changing, but Europe's institutions were not keeping pace with that change. The Church insisted that it was the only source of truth and that all who lived outside its bounds were damned.

American Revolution The language of natural law, of inherent freedoms, of self- determination which seeped so deeply into the American grain was the language of the Enlightenment. Separated geographically from most of the aristocrats against whom they were rebelling, their revolution was to be far less corrosive than that in France.

Struggle in Europe led to French Revolution
Voltaire and his allies in France struggled to assert the values of freedom and tolerance in a culture where the twin fortresses of monarchy and Church opposed almost everything they stood for. To oppose the monarchy openly would be fatal. The Church was an easier target: Protestantism had made religious controversy familiar. Voltaire could skillfully cite one Christian against another to make his arguments.

Conclusion The last decades of the eighteenth century began a long period of revolutionary upheaval in the Atlantic world The revolutions in France and Haiti proved to be much more violent and destructive than the American Revolution. (Economic Revolution – Internal Threat v. Political Revolutions – External threat.) The United States, France, and Haiti were all forced to abandon their first constitutional experiments. These early revolutions would be the seeds of 20th Century decolonization in India, Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

Colonial Independence & Decolonization
Others colonies fight for independence and self- rule. An introduction.

Reflect back on Power Point for legacy on India and Asia.

World Commercial Map, 1920 World Commercial Map, The primacy of Great Britain in the world of commerce shows up in the table detailing the distribution of the world’s wealth and in the steamship lines linking Britain to the United States and to India by way of the Mediterranean. Railroads in South America and Africa were designed to facilitate exports rather than unify the continents.

The primacy of Great Britain in the world of commerce shows up in the table detailing the distribution of the world’s wealth and in the steamship lines linking Britain to the United States and to India by way of the Mediterranean. Railroads in South America and Africa were designed to facilitate exports rather than unify the continents.

AP Exam Tip: Be able to discuss the colonial legacy of imperialism on India and other regions of the world. How did Imperialism affect India and other parts of the world?

AP Exam Tip: Be able to explain how Mohandas Gandhi’s implementation of nonviolence brought about political change. How did Gandhi and other reformers bring about political change?

AP Exam Tip: Identify and explain examples of religious movements, such as that led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, that challenged colonial rule. How were independence movements impacted by political, social, and economic influences?

The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference or West Africa Conference, regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.

Africa

A map of Che Guevara's travels between 1953 and 1956 mainly Anti-Americanism movement favoring Communism during the Cold War.

Legacy of Independence after WWII leading into the Cold War and Independence movements

Legacy of Decolonization

Kahn Academy Video on 20th Century Independence Movements:
AP Exam Tip: Compare the nationalist independence movement in India to other twentieth-century nationalist independence movements. How does the Indian Independence movement compare to other movements in the twentieth-century? Kahn Academy Video on 20th Century Independence Movements:

Excitement over Wilson’s views on Anti-imperialism and self-determination leads to anti-colonial movements especially in India and China and other Asian and South Asian lands. President Wilson’s rhetoric an language of self-determination and anti-colonialism in the 14 Points encouraged colonial lands to reject European imperialism in the East, while in the West, America engaged in its own form of imperialism in Latin America and the Pacific. (Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Philippines, and others)

Chronology from 1900 to 1940 (1 of 2)
Technology India Africa Latin America 1869 Rickshaw invented in Japan 1900 1903 Wright brothers fly first airplane 1907 Bakelite, first plastic, Invented 1912 first feature-length movie in India 1913 Henry Ford introduces assembly-line production 1915–1920 Women gain vote in Norway, Russia, Canada, Germany, Britain, and United States 1905 Viceroy Curzon splits Bengal; mass Demonstrations 1906 Muslims found All- India Muslim League 1911 British transfer capital from Calcutta to Delhi 1912 African National Congress Founded 1920 1920 Commercial radio begins in United States 1923 Margaret Sanger opens first birth control clinic 1925 Commercial radio begins in Japan 1919 Amritsar Massacre 1929 Gandhi leads Walk to the Sea 1920s J. E. Casely Hayford organizes political movement in British West Africa 1928 Plutarco Elías Calles founds Mexico’s National Revolutionary Party Description of the table: A chronology of technology, India, Africa, and Latin America from 1900 to 1940

Chronology from 1900 to 1940 (2 of 2)
Technology India Africa Latin America 1930 1932 Empire State Building Opens 1936 Olympic games in Berlin 1930s Gandhi calls for independence; he is repeatedly Arrested 1939 British bring India into World War II 1939–1945 A million Africans Serve in World War II 1930–1945 Getulio Vargas, dictator of Brazil 1934–1940 Lázaro Cárdenas, president of Mexico 1938 Cárdenas nationalizes Mexican oil industry; Vargas proclaims Estado Novo in Brazil 1940 1940 Muhammad Ali Jinnah demands a separate nation for Muslims 1947 Partition and independence of India and Pakistan 1943 Juan Perón leads military coup in Argentina 1946 Perón elected president of Argentina Description of the table: A chronology of technology, India, Africa, and Latin America from 1900 to 1940

30-3 A New India,1905–1947 (1 of 2) The Land and the People
Population was high, jobs accessibility low, many peasants were poor British Rule and Indian Nationalism Indian National Congress – petitioned government for access to higher administrative positions Bengal – city in India divided into two – Hindu west and Muslim east – sparked anti-British riots All-India Muslim League – Political organization founded to defend the interests of India’s Muslims Mahatma Gandhi and Militant Nonviolence Mohandas K. Gandhi – leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance Gandhi’s Salt March to the Sea. Mohandas Gandhi, bareheaded and more simply dressed than his followers, led a march of 80 miles to collect sea salt in an act of civil disobedience. News photographs like this played a key role in popularizing his cause and displaying his saintly habits. To his left one man carries a sitar and another has a drum hanging from his shoulder.

30-3 A New India, 1905–1947 (2 of 2) India Moves Toward Independence
Jawaharlal Nehru – statesman who succeeded Gandhi in the Indian National Congress WWII divided the people –soldiers believed they were defending their country, not the British, while others were so anti-British, they joined the Japanese Partition and Independence Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Muslim politician who demanded a country of their own, to be called Pakistan 1947 British India gave way to new India and Pakistan, but intense fighting would continue between Hindus and Muslims Map 30.1: The Partition of India, Before the British, India was divided among many states, ethnic groups, and religions. When the British left in 1947, the subcontinent split along religious lines. The predominantly Muslim regions in the northwest and East Bengal in the east formed the new nation of Pakistan. The predominantly Hindu center became the Republic of India. Jammu and Kashmir remained disputed territories and poisoned relations between the two new countries.

World Commercial Map, 1920 World Commercial Map, The primacy of Great Britain in the world of commerce shows up in the table detailing the distribution of the world’s wealth and in the steamship lines linking Britain to the United States and to India by way of the Mediterranean. Railroads in South America and Africa were designed to facilitate exports rather than unify the continents.

Chapter 23 Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World,

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