1. Chapter 10 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes
10.5
Functional Groups
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2. Elements in Organic Compounds
In organic molecules,
carbon atoms bond
with four bonds.
mostly with H and other C atoms.
sometimes to O, N, S,
sometimes to halogens F, Cl, and Br.

3. Functional Groups Functional groups are
a characteristic feature of organic molecules that behave in a predictable way.
composed of an atom or group of atoms.
groups that replace a hydrogen atom in the corresponding alkane.
a way to classify families of organic compounds.

4. Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkenes contain a double bond between adjacent carbon atoms.
Alkynes contain a triple bond.
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5. Alcohols and Ethers
An alcohol contains the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group.
In an ether, an oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms.
–C–O–C– .
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6. Aldehydes and Ketones
An aldehyde contains a carbonyl group (C=O), which is a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom.
In a ketone, the carbon of the carbonyl group is attached to two other carbon atoms.
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7. Carboxylic Acids and Esters
Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group, which is a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group. O ║
— C—OH
An ester contains the carboxyl group between carbon atoms.
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8. Amines and Amides In amines, the functional group is a nitrogen atom.|
—N —
In amides, the hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by a nitrogen group.
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9. Functional Groups Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

10. Learning Check 1) CH3─CH2─CH2─OH 2) CH3─O─CH2─CH3 3) CH3─CH2─NH2 O O
Classify each of the following as: alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine or amide.
1) CH3─CH2─CH2─OH
2) CH3─O─CH2─CH3
3) CH3─CH2─NH2
O O
║ ║
4) CH3─C─OH 5) CH3─C─O─CH3

11. Solution 1) CH3─CH2─CH2─OH alcohol 2) CH3─O─CH2─CH3 ether
3) CH3─CH2─NH2 amine
O O
║ ║
4) CH3─C─OH 5) CH3─C─O─CH3
carboxylic acid ester