1. 第十章 细胞骨架
第十章 细胞骨架

2. 第九章 细胞骨架
第一节细胞质骨架
一 微丝
二 微管
三 中间纤维
第二节 细胞核骨架
一 核基质
二 染色体骨架
三 核纤层

20. Since the molecules of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) are in motion when that substance is above absolute zero (0 degrees Kelvin or -273 degrees C), energy is available for movement of the molecules from a higher potential state to a lower potential state, just as in the case of the water discussed above. The majority of the molecules move from higher to lower concentration, although there will be some that move from low to high. The overall (or net) movement is thus from high to low concentration. Eventually, if no energy is input into the system the molecules will reach a state of equilibrium where they will be distributed equally throughout the system.

21. tumour suppressor
(= antioncogene; cancer susceptibility gene)
A gene that encodes a product that normally negatively regulates the cell cycle, and that must be mutated or otherwise inactivated before a cell can proceed to rapid division. Examples: p53, RB (retinoblastoma), WT-1 (Wilms&’ tumour), DCC (deleted in colonic carcinoma), NF-1 (neurofibrosarcoma) and APC (adenomatous polyposis coli).

22. are interpreted as inactivated X chromosomes in mammalian females
are interpreted as inactivated X chromosomes in mammalian females. Since females have two X chromosomes, the Lyon hypothesis suggests that one or the other X is inactivated in each somatic (non-reproductive) cell during embryonic development. Cells mitotically produced from these embryonic cells likewise have the same inactivated X chromosome.