1. What is fusion and how is it a factor for the life on earth?
Open up your laptops, go to MrHyatt.rocks, and do today’s bell work
Questions of the week: What is the sun responsible for in our solar system?
What is fusion and how is it a factor for the life on earth?
Scale
Scale Description 4
Through independent work beyond what was taught in class, I can (examples include, but are not limited to):
research current and past earth and sun conditions.
investigate causes and possible solutions for global climate change.
compare and contrast the patterns in the organization and distribution of matter in the sun, earth, moon system.
compare and contrast different solar events and their impact on earth. 3
I can:
identify patterns in the organization and distribution of matter in the universe and the forces that determine them.
explain the physical properties of the Sun and its dynamic nature and connect them to conditions and events on Earth.
identify, analyze, and relate the internal (Earth system) and external (astronomical) conditions that contribute to global climate change.
describe heat as the energy transferred by convection, conduction, and radiation, and explain the connection of heat to change in temperature or states of matter. 2
determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other astronomy specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific technical context relevant to grades 9-12 texts and topics
identify from a list the patterns of distribution of matter in the sun, earth, moon system.
list the physical properties of the sun
describe the key parts of the structure of earth and earth’s atmosphere.
explain ways in which to measure temperature. 1
show the patterns of distribution of matter in the sun, earth, moon system.
select from a list the physical properties of the sun, earth and moon.
list the key parts of the structure of earth, sun and moon.
Give Mr. Hyatt money

2. Homework: that was due today…
You need to look up the following information about each layer of the sun:
Size
What it’s made of
Temperature
One other fact
These are the layers:
Core
Radiation Zone
Convection Zone
Photosphere
Chromosphere
Corona

4. Review from yesterday
The gravitational force of the sun helps to keep all of the planets in the solar system in the correct orbit.
The energy from the sun sustains life on earth.
The sun contains 98% of all the mass in our solar system
The sun is not solid, liquid or gas, it is plasma. Plasma is similar to gas, except the gas is ionized (charged).

5. Sun features – write these down, then talk with your neighbor and try to figure out what each one of them is
Prominence/filament
Flare
Granule
Sunspot
Spicule
Coronal Mass Ejections
Magnetic Field
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End
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6. Solar Prominence Sunspot Spicule Granule Flare Solar Magnetic Field
Coronal Mass Ejection (CME)
Flare
Solar Magnetic Field
A Magnetic Field is the magnetic effect of electric currents and magnetic materials. In a star, it is generated by the motion of electrically conductive plasma inside its convection zone, where solar material is physically moving throughout the star.
A coronal mass ejection is a massive burst of gas and magnetic field arising from the solarcorona and being released into the solar wind, as observed in a coronagraph.
Gurgling plasma on the Sun produce periodic, supercharged jets of dense gas ejected from the edges of the Sun’s chromosphere where the magnetic fields are stronger. They rise at 12 miles/second up to a height of about 6,000 miles before they fall back to the Sun after about 15 minutes. They are thought to contribute to the solar wind by feeding material into the corona
Sunspots are any of the dark cool patches, with a diameter of up to several thousand kilometers, that appear on the surface of the sun and last about a week. They occur in approximately 11-year cycles and possess a strong magnetic field
Granules on the photosphere of the Sun are caused by convection currents (thermal columns, Bénard cells) of plasma within the Sun's convective zone. The grainy appearance of thesolar photosphere is produced by the tops of these convective cells and is called granulation
A prominence is a large, bright, gaseous feature extending outward from the Sun's surface, often in a loop shape. Prominencesare anchored to the Sun's surface in the photosphere, and extend outwards into theSun's corona.
A flare is a brief eruption of intense high-energy radiation from the sun's surface, associated with sunspots and causing electromagnetic disturbances on the earth, as with radio frequency communications and power line transmissions.
Prominence/filament
Flare
Granule
Sunspot
Spicule
Coronal Mass Ejections
Solar Magnetic Field

8. FUSION What is it? Combining atoms to make new ones
4.3 billion kg of mass are converted each second.
Lots of mass lost, lots of energy released. (E=mc2)
Iron (Fe) is the heaviest element that can be made
How do we get heavier elements?

9. Nuclear Fusion

10. Nuclear Fusion

11. Where does the Sun get its energy?

12. Candle
Sun
temperature
1,500 K
6,000K (surface)
15million K (core)
Reactants
Wax
hydrogen
Products
Co2, H2O
Helium
Energy out
Enough to burn your finger
174 x 1015 watts

13. Journey from the Center of the Sun
We don’t often stop to think about the journey of a ray of light from the core of the sun, where it’s made, all the way to earth’s surface. There, it might slam into us when we sunbathe, sometimes hitting us in rather unfortunate places.

14. In the cores of stars, about 15million degrees Kelvin for our sun, hydrogen nuclei reach high enough speeds to overcome their natural repulsion [+ +] and collide. Omitting the intermediate steps, the sun simply says
H He + energy
(and light.)

15. Every time a helium nucleus is made, particles of light called photons get made. They’re powerful enough to be gamma rays, a form of light with the highest energy for which we have a classification.
Photons are born moving the speed of light (186,282mps) and then unwittingly begin their trip out of the sun.

16. An undisturbed photon always moves in a straight line, but if something gets in the way, the photon will be either scattered or absorbed and re-emitted. Each of these fates can result in the photon being cast in a different direction with a different energy. (x-ray or visible light)
Given how dense the sun is, each straight line trip lasts for 1 30billionth of a second (1 3oth of a nanosecond) or about 1cm of travel before it interacts with an atom or electron.

17. With constant new paths of travel outward, sideways, backward, how does an aimlessly wandering photon ever manage to leave the sun?
A clue lies with…

18. So, with a step the size of a centimeter, a photon needs to take 5 sextillion steps to “random walk” the 70 billion centimeters from the sun’s center to the surface.
Total linear distance traveled would be about 5,000 light years, and since a photon conveniently travels at the speed of light, it should take about 5,000 years to make it that far.

19. And…the outer 4th of the sun moves by convection.
So, unbeknownst to our random walking photons,
the blob in which they are residing can swiftly sink tens of thousands of kilometers back into the sun, undoing possibly thousands of years movement.
convection can bring photons closer to the surface, increasing their chances of escape.

20. Unfortunately , the structure of the sun (most of the sun’s mass is compacted in the core, and matter convects in the outer layers ) makes the total trip last about a million years.
If the photon had a
clear path, the trip would
only take about 2.3 seconds.

21. Only about one of every half billion photons that emerge from the sun heads toward earth.
Once the photons reach the surface of the Sun, they take their last random step before they make the quick, 480 second journey straight to you.

22. Heroic adventures through the sun are best taken by photons and not any other form of energy or matter. If you went on that trip, you’d be crushed to death, vaporized, and have every electron ripped from every atom.
But know that when you sunbathe, you should do it with the full respect for the journey made for each one of the photons that strikes your body, no matter where it strikes.