1. How Human Populations have Changed
* Agriculture Gives Rise to Cities
Food Produced in country and consumed in cities
Waste of populations concentrated in cities
a. Sewage becomes a problem
b. Plagues/Diseases spread easily

2. How Human Populations have Changed
* Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution: Shift from energy sources such as animals/running water to fossil fuels such as coal/oil.
Increased use of fossil fuels greatly increased efficiency of agriculture, industry, and transportation
Motorized vehicles allowed food & goods to be transported cheaply across greater distances

3. How Human Populations have Changed
* Industrial Revolution
On farms, machinery reduced amount of land and human labor needed to produce food.
With fewer people producing their own food, populations in urban areas steadily grew.
Urbanization: A shift of population from rural to urban areas
Agriculture productivity increased; nutrition, sanitation, & medical care improved
Human population exploded due to the Industrial Revolution

4. How Human Populations have Changed
* Industrial Revolution Affect on Environment
Problems like pollution and habitat loss
In the 1900s, artificial substances like plastics, pesticides, and fertilizers made from fossil fuels replaced raw animal and plant products.
The artificial substances can not be consumed/decompose by earth

5. How Human Populations have Changed
* Industrial Revolution Affect on Environment
Pollution: Presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance that has harmful or poisonous effects like excessive wastes, heat, noise, or radiation.
Most pollution problems of today are caused by human activities

6. Environmental Science
Ecology: the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.
Environmental Science: Is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical, biological and information sciences (including ecology, biology, physics, chemistry, zoology, geology) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems.

7. Environmental Science
Biodiversity (Click here for video)
Biodiversity: The variety of genetic variation, variety of species in a community, or a variety of communities in an ecosystem.
We depend on biodiversity for food, oxygen, medicine, and many other things

8. Environmental Science
Sustainability: Is the condition in which human needs are met in such a way that a human population can survive indefinitely.
Sustainability is a key goal of environmental science.

9. Environmental Science
Ecological Footprint: Is a calculated impact of a person on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.
Average US Ecological Footprint is 8.2 (global hectares), Japan 5.02, China 3.38, India 1.16, and Haiti is 0.6
An ecological footprint estimates the land used for crops, grazing, forests products, and housing. It also includes the ocean area used to harvest seafood and the forest area needed to absorb the air pollution caused by fossil fuels.

10. Graphing
Independent Variable: A variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not depend on that of another.
Dependent Variable: A variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another.
dependent Variable
Independent Variable