1. Graphs of Sine and Cosine

2. Graphs of Sine and Cosine
To help us graph the sine and cosine functions, we first observe that these functions repeat their values in a regular fashion. In other words, sin(t + 2n) = sin t for any integer n
cos(t + 2n) = cos t for any integer n Thus the sine and cosine functions are periodic according to the following definition: A function f is periodic if there is a positive number p such that f (t + p) = f (t) for every t.

3. Graphs of Sine and Cosine
The least such positive number (if it exists) is the period of f. If f has period p, then the graph of f on any interval of length p is called one complete period of f So the sine and cosine functions repeat their values in any interval of length 2. To sketch their graphs, we first graph one period.

4. Graphs of Sine and Cosine

5. Graphs of Transformations of Sine and Cosine

6. Example 1 – Cosine Curves
Sketch the graph of each function.
(a) f (x) = 2 + cos x (b) g(x) = –cos x

7. Graphs of Transformations of Sine and Cosine
Let’s graph y = 2 sin x. We start with the graph of y = sin x and multiply the y-coordinate of each point by 2. This has the effect of stretching the graph vertically by a factor of 2. To graph y = sin x, we start with the graph of y = sin x and multiply the y-coordinate of each point by . This has the effect of shrinking the graph vertically by a factor of (see Figure 5).
Figure 5

8. Graphs of Transformations of Sine and Cosine
In general, for the functions y = a sin x and y = a cos x the number | a | is called the amplitude. Graphs of y = a sin x for several values of a are shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6

9. Example 2 – Stretching a Cosine Curve
Find the amplitude of y = –3 cos x, and sketch its graph.

10. Graphs of Transformations of Sine and Cosine
Since the sine and cosine functions have period 2, the functions
y = a sin kx and y = a cos kx (k > 0)
complete one period as kx varies from 0 to 2, that is, for 0  kx  2 or for 0  x  2 /k. So these functions complete one period as x varies between 0 and 2/k and thus have period 2 /k. The graphs of these functions are called sine curves and cosine curves, respectively. (Collectively, sine and cosine curves are often referred to as sinusoidal curves.)

11. Graphs of Transformations of Sine and Cosine
To see how the value of k affects the graph of y = sin kx, let’s graph the sine curves 𝑦= sin 2𝑥 and 𝑦= sin 1 2 𝑥 .

12. Graphs of Transformations of Sine and Cosine

13. Graphs of Transformations of Sine and Cosine
We see that the effect is to shrink the graph horizontally if k > 1 or to stretch the graph horizontally if k < 1.
For comparison, in Figure 9 we show the graphs of one period of the sine curve y = a sin kx for several values of k.
Figure 9

14. Example 3 – Amplitude and Period
Find the amplitude and period of each function, and sketch its graph.
(a) y = 4 cos 3x (b) y = –2 sin x

15. Graphs of Transformations of Sine and Cosine
The graphs of functions of the form
y = a sin k(x – b) and y = a cos k(x – b)
are simply sine and cosine curves shifted horizontally by an amount | b |. They are shifted to the right if b > 0 or to the left if b < 0.
Take note that it says (x – b).
So, if b is positive, like 𝑏= 𝜋 3 , it would say (𝑥− 𝜋 3 ).
If b is negative like 𝑏=−3𝜋, it would say (𝑥+3𝜋).

16. Graphs of Transformations of Sine and Cosine
We summarize the properties of these functions in the following box.

17. Example 4 – A Horizontally Shifted Sine Curve
Find the amplitude, period, and horizontal shift of
y = 3 sin , and graph one complete period.

18. Example 5 – A Horizontally Shifted Cosine Curve
Find the amplitude, period, and horizontal shift of
, and graph one complete period.
*Put in y = acos b(x – c) + d form first.

19. Using Graphing Devices to Graph Trigonometric Functions

20. Example 6 – Choosing the Viewing Rectangle
Graph the function f (x) = sin 50x in an appropriate viewing rectangle.

21. Example 6 – Wrong Windows
cont’d
If we use the viewing rectangles shown below, the graphs look very different. Something strange is happening.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Graphs of f (x) = sin 50x in different viewing rectangles

22. Example 9 – A Cosine Curve with Variable Amplitude
Graph the functions f(x) = cos 2x, g(x) = -cos 2x, and h(x) = cos 2x cos 16x in the same window.

23. Example 10 – A Sine Curve with Decaying Amplitude
The function f (x) = is important in calculus. Graph this
function and comment on its behavior (specifically, the output) when x is close to 0.

24. Using Graphing Devices to Graph Trigonometric Functions
The function in Example 10 can be written as
and may thus be viewed as a sine function whose amplitude is controlled by the function a(x) = 1/x.