1. Effect of β-adrenergic Blockers on the Arterial Blood Pressure
Pharmacology lab-7
College of Pharmacy/ Department of pharmacology and Toxicology
December-2018

2. Blood Pressure
Blood pressure (BP) is the lateral pressure exerted by the blood on the wall of the artery.
Systolic pressure is the maximum pressure in the arteries during systole.
Diastolic pressure is the minimum pressure at the end of ventricular diastole.
It is the measure of constant stretch to which walls of the arteries are subjected.
It is more important than systolic pressure

3. NORMAL VALUES
The average systolic pressure in healthy adults is 100–140 mm Hg. The average diastolic pressure is 60–90 mm Hg.

4. Observing the Effect of Various Factors on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate
Arterial blood pressure is directly proportional to cardiac output and peripheral resistance (PR) to blood flow, that is,
BP = CO * PR
Peripheral resistance is increased by blood vessel constriction, by an increase in blood viscosity, and by a loss of elasticity of the arteries.

5. Effect of moderate exercise on blood pressure
During exercise, there is a moderate increase in systolic blood pressure.
This is due to an increase in cardiac output caused by an increased heart rate and myocardial contractility (stroke volume increases) due to increased sympathetic activity, and increased venous return .
The increase in blood pressure is not proportionate to the increase in cardiac output because there is a reduction in total peripheral resistance.
The effects of vasoconstriction in inactive regions are overcome by vasodilatation in active muscles. Hence, the diastolic pressure at the pre-exercise level is slightly reduced.

6. Mechanism of β-adrenergic Blockers action
↓cardiac output
↓ Peripheral resistance
Inhibit release of renin from the kidney
↓ formation of angiotensin II and the secretion of aldosterone

7. Beta Blocker Drugs
They have significant pharmacologic & Pharmacokinetic differences that influence their therapeutic applications , incidence of side effects
Atenolol
Bisoprolol
Carvedilol
Esmolol
Metoprolol
Propranolol
Timolol
Pindolol
Nadolol

8. Therapeutic uses Hypertension Tachycardia Tachyarrhythmia MI Angina Glaucoma migraine prophylaxis.

9. Adverse effects Bradycardia Hypotension Fatigue, lethargy, insomnia
Sexual dysfunction
↓ HDL ↑ TG
Abrupt withdrawal may induce angina

10. Toxicity of β-adrenergic blockers:
Most of the toxicity of β-adrenergic antagonists is because of their ability to competitively antagonize the action of catecholamines at cardiac β-adrenergic receptors.
Propranolol poisoning characterized by coma ,seizure ,hypotension, bradycardia, impaired AV conduction.
In the treatment of bradycardia, atropine may be given.
Glucagon produces positive inotropic & chronotropic activity & improves AV conduction.

11. Thank you