1. Cisco networking CNET-448
Chapter Introduction
Cisco networking CNET-448
Chapter 4
Managing Cisco Devices
Prepared by: Malik Zaib Alam

2. Objectives The ICND2 Topics Covered in this chapter include:
Chapter Introduction
Objectives
The ICND2 Topics Covered in this chapter include:
IP Routing Technologies
Describe the boot process of Cisco IOS routers
POST
Router bootup process
Manage Cisco IOS Files
Boot preferences
Cisco IOS image(s)
Licensing
Show license
Change license

3. Internal Components of Router
CISCO IOS
Internal Components of Router
Component
Description
1. POST (Power-On-Self-Test)
Checks the basic functionality and presence of hardware on start-up.
2. Bootstrap
It is s a limited-function bootable IOS image. It Locates and load IOS to boot the router during initialization .
3. Mini-IOS
It is called Bootloader by Cisco, it is used to bring up an interface and load a Cisco IOS into flash memory.
3. ROM Monitor
Stored in microcode of ROM. It is used for manufacturing, testing and troubleshooting. It is the Bootstrap code.
4. RAM
It holds packet buffers, ARP cache, routing table and running configuration.
5. ROM
It is used to start and maintain the router.
6. Flash memory
It stores fully functional IOS images. It is an EEPROM memory.
7. NVRAM
It is nonvolatile RAM because it is not erased when the router is reloaded. It holds the starup configuration and the configuration register.
8. Configuration Register
It is used to control how the router load IOS and start-up configuration. Default value is 0x2102.

4. The Router Boot Sequence
CISCO IOS
The Router Boot Sequence

5. Configuration Register
CISCO IOS
Configuration Register
All Cisco routers have a 16-bit software register that’s written into NVRAM. By default, the configuration register is set to load the Cisco IOS from flash memory and to look for and load the startup-config file from NVRAM.
The 16 bits (2 bytes) of the configuration register are read from 15 to 0, from left to right.
Boot Field
Meaning
Use 00
ROM Monitor Mode
0x2100, To boot in ROM Monitor Mode 01
Boot Image from ROM
0x2101, Boot Mini-IOS
02-F
Default boot
F, Boot from NVRAM

6. Checking the Current Configuration Register Value
CISCO IOS
Checking the Current Configuration Register Value
Router>show version
For Password Recovery, The configuration register value to turn on bit 6 is 0x2142.
Router(Config)#config-register 0x2142

7. Verifying Flash Memory
CISCO IOS
Verifying Flash Memory
R# show flash
This command show the amount of memory used and available. The show flash command displays all files in flash memory. R1#show flash:
System flash directory:
File Length Name/status
c2900-universalk9-mz.SPA M4.bin
sigdef-category.xml
sigdef-default.xml
[ bytes used, available, total]
249856K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)

8. Verifying Flash Memory
CISCO IOS
Verifying Flash Memory
R# show version
This command show the amount of RAM and flash memory. Show version command shows the actual name of the file used to run the router and the location from which it was loaded.
R1#show version
Cisco IOS Software, C2900 Software (C2900-UNIVERSALK9-M), Version 15.1(4)M4, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 15.1(4)M4, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
System image file is "flash0:c2900-universalk9-mz.SPA M4.bin"
3 Gigabit Ethernet interfaces
2 Low-speed serial(sync/async) network interface(s)
255K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
Configuration register is 0x2102

9. Boot System Commands To boot from a selected IOS File,
CISCO IOS
Boot System Commands
To boot from a selected IOS File,
Router(Config)#boot system flash c2800nm-advsecurityk9-mz M6.bin
To boot from TFTP Server,
Router(config)#boot system tftp c2800nm-advsecurityk9-mz M6.bin

10. Restoring the Cisco IOS
To restore a file or upgrade an IOS, the file can be downloaded from a TFTP server to flash memory,
R# copy tftp flash
Address of remote host[]?
Source filename[]?c2800nm-adv
Destination file name[]
If more than one IOS version are saved to flash, to select the image to use for booting the router, use command,
R(config)#boot system flash:ios-file name

11. CISCO IOS FILE SYSTEM (Cisco IFS)
IFS allows to explore various directories and inventory files in any directory you want ,without the need to change prompts. IFS makes the file system user interface universal. The IFS use URLs to determine the whereabouts of a file.
For backing up the IOS
For upgrading the IOS
For viewing text files
Important IFS commands,
Dir: To view files in a directory
Copy: Used to upgrade, restore and backup an IOS.
More: It takes a text file to look at it on a card.
Show file: To view a specified file or file system.
Delete: To delete files.
Cd/pwd: to change directories and pwd is used to show a working directory.
Mkdir/rmdir: To create and delete directories.

12. Licensing IOS Licensing
The default IOS package is called IP base. To enable a permanent license we need install license command.
Cisco provides evaluation licenses for most software packages and features called Right-To-Use (RTU) licensing. Cisco provides all features in one package called a Universal image. The different technology packages available for purchase are,
Data: MPLS, ATM and multiprotocol support
Unified Communication: VoIP and IP telephony
Security: IOS Firewall, IPS, IPsec

13. CISCO IOS
Licensing
To obtain the license, we need Unique device Identifier (UDI). UDI has two components:
The product ID (PID)
Serial number of the router , To display these information, use
Router # show license udi
License file can be obtained by two method,
Cisco License Manager(CLM)
Cisco Product License Registration site
UDI and Product Authorization key (PAK) are used to permanently activate the software package . To activate the license on the router, use command,
Router# license install flash:FTX1641Y07J_ lic
To verify your license, use command
Router # show license all
Router # show license features
Router # show version, This command also shows the license information.