1. Quick Quiz Define personality
Draw / describe Hollanders’ theory of personality
Describe the Narrow band theory of personality
According to Eysenck, what are the different personality traits?
What does Bandura’s Social Learning Theory suggest about personality?
What is the formula for personality according to the interactionist theory?

2. Psychological factors affecting performance
Sports Psychology
Individual Differences - Attitudes

3. Learning Objectives Learning Objective:
Understand what affects attitude formation and how they can be changed
Learning Outcomes:
All: Describe the Triadic model and methods for changing attitudes
Most: Explain how factors affect attitude formation in relation to the Triadic model and how attitudes can be changed
Some: Apply knowledge of attitudes to a variety of sporting examples

4. Key Terms Attitude Triadic Model Affective Cognitive Behavioural
Persuasive Communication
Cognitive Dissonance

5. Key Terms
Attitude - a settled way of thinking or feeling about something.
Triadic Model - three components which make up our attitude formation:
Affective - Your feelings or emotional response
Cognitive - What you believe to be true (may not actually be true!)
Behavioural - Your intended behaviour dependant on your attitude
Persuasive Communication - an effective way to change the minds and behaviors
Cognitive Dissonance - the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioural decisions and attitude change.

6. Attitude
In psychology, an attitude refers to a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviours toward a particular object, person, thing, or event. Attitudes are often the result of experience or upbringing, and they can have a powerful influence over behaviour. While attitudes are enduring, they can also change
Reading –

7. What is an ATTITUDE?
ATTITUDES – A learned behavioural predisposition. (linked with personality)
UNSTABLE
LEARNED
CAN BE
CHANGED/
CONTROLLED
DIRECTED TOWARDS
ATTITUDE OBJECTS
ENDURING EMOTIONAL
& BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSE

8. Formation of Attitudes
COACHES/ TEACHERS
PAST EXPERIENCES
ATTITUDES
PREDUJICE
PARENTS
MEDIA
FRIENDS/ PEERS
Attitudes are mainly formed through experiences.
Socialisation: The process of mixing and relating to other people.

9. Triadic Model of Attitudes
This is known as the information component
This concerns how a person intends to behave towards an attitude object
This is known as the emotional component

10. Changing attitudes
Persuasive Communication
Cognitive Dissonance

11. Persuasive Communication Theory
You need to be aware of most effective way of persuading someone to change their attitude.
Would these people persuade you or would they just cause you stress?

12. Persuasive Communication Theory
The Persuader
Significant other
with high status
2. The Message
Positive to initiate
the change
PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION
the person must
pay attention
- understand
- accept
- retain
the message being given
the coach must
- be expert
- be trustworthy
the message must
- be clear
- be unambiguous
- be balanced between pros and cons
3. The recipients
Easy to changed
an attitude if the
recipient really
wishes to be
changed
4. The situation
The presence of
other persuaders

13. Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Festinger)
If a person hold two ideas that oppose and conflict with each other an element of discomfort arises. Emotional conflict is called DISSONANCE.

14. Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Festinger)
To reduce this feeling of dissonance, the impact of one of the conflicting ideas could be lessened and therefore an attitude would change.
Updating knowledge or providing a person with new information can change the cognitive component.
Providing a person with new and positive experiences can modify the affective component.
If a skill is simplified or if some form of guidance is used to make execution easier, the behavioural component of attitude can be changed.
Remember METHODS OF GUIDANCE from AS SKILL

15. TASK…………
You are a GCSE PE pupil. How could persuasive communication change your negative attitude towards cross country?

16. ANSWER…………
A significant other, e.g. teacher/captain persuades you that cross country has excellent fitness benefits for a GCSE PE pupil. The teacher explains that they can chose cross country as one of their 4 sports.
The teacher tells you it will improve your practical grade if you opt for cross country.
You understand that this could improve your overall practical grade so you begin to realise the benefits of taking part.
Other pupils in your GCSE class share positive experiences of cross country with you and actively encourage you to take part.

17. TASK…………
How could a physical education teacher change the negative attitude that a pupil may have towards swimming?

18. ANSWER….. Educate the pupil about the benefits of swimming
Use cognitive dissonance theory
Persuasive communication from a significant other, e.g. teacher
Set achievable goals to ensure pupil achieves success and experiences enjoyment.
Offer rewards, e.g. praise, trophies.
Familiarise with role models from within the sport of swimming.
Use floats to make execution of some strokes easier.
Attribution retraining.

19. Exam Questions
June 2015 – 3b – Using practical examples, explain why people adopt different attitudes towards a balanced, active and healthy lifestyle. (5)
June 2014 – 3d – Explain why some young people have negative attitudes to sport and following a healthy lifestyle. Describe how you might change negative attitudes into positive attitudes towards sport. (20)
June 2012 – 3c – Explain what is meant by cognitive dissonance and its role in changing attitudes. Describe three methods of changing attitudes from negative to positive to promote a balanced, active and healthy lifestyle (6)