1. Plate Tectonics and Faults
Earth’s Movement
Plate Tectonics and Faults

2. Pangaea
Approximately 200 million years ago Earth's land was grouped together in one large super-continent named Pangaea.

3. Jurassic & Cretaceous Periods
Pangaea began to break apart during the Jurassic Period.

4. Present Day

5. Notice the shape of South America and Africa
Notice the shape of South America and Africa. Can you picture how these two land masses fit together like a puzzle?

6. Evidence
Scientists have found evidence that the continents are moving in fossils. For example, fossils of tropical plants were found in Antarctica which led to the conclusion that this frozen land had previously been closer to the equator.

7. Fossil Evidence

8. Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics is a theory that was developed in the 1960's. This theory states that Earth's top layer called the crust is divided into plates that are moving at a speed of 1 to 10 cm per year.

9. Tectonic Plates

10. Another Picture of the Tectonic Plates

11. Fault
The breaks in the Earth’s crust where the plates meet (push together, pull apart, and slide beside each other) are called faults.

12. Plate Movement The plates move in three ways:
Divergent Plate Movement ←  →
Convergent Plate Movement  →  ←
Transform Plate Movement or Lateral Slipping Plate Movement ↓↑

13. Divergent Plate Movement ←  →
Convergent Plate Movement  →  ←
Transform Plate Movement or
Lateral Slipping Plate Movement ↓↑

14. Mid-Ocean Ridges
Mid-Ocean Ridges are places where the Earth's tectonic plates are gradually moving apart. As the plates move apart, magma rises up to fill the gap. This can cause undersea volcanic eruptions.
This shallow magma provides a heat source that creates many seafloor hot springs along the ridges which transport heat and chemicals into the ocean.

15. Mid-Ocean Ridge

16. Activity
You will be given a piece of waxed paper. On the wax paper spread a spoonful of icing about a half of a centimeter thick. The icing represents the magma that is under the Earth’s crust. Next you will be given two squares of fruit rollups. Place the two squares of fruit rollup onto the frosting right next to each other. These represent oceanic plates. Press down slowly on the fruit rollups because oceanic plates are dense and will sink a bit. Slowly push the “plates” apart about half a centimeter. Notice how the frosting is exposed and pushed up where the plates are separated. This is how magma comes to the surface where real plates are moving apart at divergent plate boundaries.

17. Volcanic Activity
The black dots represent volcanic activity. Notice that most of these are along the edges of the plates. These are called fault lines.

18. Earth Gains New Crust
On divergent plate boundaries new crust is being formed as magma escapes from the Earth's core. In other locations under the ocean are deep trenches.

19. Earth Loses Old Crust
Scientist believe these deep trenches are where the old crust is being lowered back into the Earth’s core.
This cycle is known as the Wilson Cycle, named after John Tuzo Wilson.

20. Wilson Cycle
The cycle, beginning with new crust being formed to the old crust returning to the Earth's core, takes approximately 100 million years.

21. Continents do not fall back into the Earth's core, so land masses are much older than the Earth’s crust beneath the ocean.

22. Points to Remember
When plates move apart, volcanoes may form.
←  →

23. ← Divergent → 2 Oceanic Plates Submarine mountain ranges
Volcanic activity
Earthquakes
New seafloor
2 Continental Plates
Rift valley
Earthquake activity
Volcanic activity sometimes occurs

24. Convergent Plate Movement → ←
Convergent boundaries are where plates are moving toward each other.
The outcome of convergent plate movement varies depending on the types of plates that meet:
Oceanic–Oceanic
Oceanic-Continental (Land)
Continental-Continental or (Land-Land)

25. Vocabulary
Lithosphere - outermost layer of the earth's crust & is broken up into large solid plates called tectonic plates - about miles deep
Asthenosphere - part of the earth just below the lithosphere - not liquid but there is a small amount of melted rock there miles thick
Subduction - the process that takes place at convergent boundaries →  ← in which one tectonic plate moves under the other

26. Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence
When two oceanic plates collide, one is pushed under the other and magma from the mantle rises, forming volcanoes.

27. Lava Flow
In some cases the magma calmly erupts. The lava emerges and cools forming new crust.

28. Violent Eruption
In other cases the volcano erupts violently sending dust and ash into the sky.

29. Calderas
In other cases the area above the volcano has cracks which release gases usually during a volcanic eruption. As the gases release the emptied chamber can no longer support the weight of the earth above it. The earth falls into this void leaving deep craters called calderas.

30. Crater Lake
One famous example of a caldera is North America’s Crater Lake located in Southern Oregon. Around 7,000 years ago a massive volcanic peak reaching 12,000 feet in elevation set in this location. A powerful eruption blasted the top 4,000 feet away, leaving a deep bowl shaped caldera. Since that
time, a new dome has begun to form in the center of
the caldera.

31. The factor that determines the type of eruption is the amount of silica that is in the lava. Silica is a very common mineral composed of silicon and oxygen (SiO2). Silicates makes up about 95% of the Earth’s crust. Volcanoes rarely change the type of eruption that occurs.

32. Activity
Slide the two pieces of fruit rollups together. Notice that one piece slides under the other. A hump forms where the two pieces hit. Volcanic mountain building occurs when two oceanic plates meet.

33. Oceanic-Continental Convergence
When an oceanic plate pushes against a continental plate, the oceanic plate moves under the continental plate.

34. Activity
Remove one of the fruit rollups from the frosting. (You may eat it.) Place one of the graham cracker halves lightly onto the frosting next to the remaining fruit rollup piece. The graham cracker represents the continental crust, which is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust (fruit rollup). It floats high on the asthenosphere (upper mantle of the Earth) so don't push it down. Gently push the continent (graham cracker) towards the ocean plate (fruit rollup) until the two overlap, and the graham cracker is on top. The oceanic plate is subducted below the continental one.

35. When an oceanic plate meets a continental (land) plate usually an oceanic trench will develop on the ocean side and a mountain range on the continental side.

36. Continental-Continental Convergence
When two continental plates collide, mountain ranges are created as the crust is pushed upwards. You can feel this movement through earthquakes.

37. Activity
Remove both the cracker and fruit roll up from the frosting asthenosphere. Place one edge of both crackers into the glass of water for just a few seconds. Place the crackers onto the frosting with wet edges next to each other. Slowly push the graham crackers towards each other. Notice how the wet edges crumple. This is how mountains are made at convergent plate boundaries! When continents move towards each other there is nowhere for the rock to go but up!

38. Point to Remember
When two plates move towards each other mountains form.
→  ←

39. → Convergent ← Oceanic and Continental Plates Earthquake activity
Sometimes ocean trench
Volcanoes
Destruction of oceanic lithosphere
2 Oceanic Plates
Earthquakes
Oceanic trench
2 Continental Plates
Folding and faulting
Mountain ranges
Shortening of plates

40. Transform Plate Movement or Lateral Slipping Plate Movement ↓↑
When two plates move sideways against each other, there is a tremendous amount of friction which makes the movement jerky. This is known as an earthquake.

41. Activity
Pick the two crackers up off the frosting and turn them around so that two dry edges are next to each other.
Push one cracker past the other to simulate a transform plate boundary like the San Andreas fault!

42. Point to Remember
When two plates move past each other earthquakes are likely to happen.
↓ ↑

43. ↓Transform Boundary↑
Recurring earthquake activity
Volcanic activity

44. Review Divergent Plate Movement ← → Convergent Plate Movement → ←
Transform Plate Movement or Lateral Slipping Plate Movement ↓↑

47. Ring of Fire
The Ring of Fire is a chain of volcanoes and oceanic trenches. Seventy-five percent of Earth’s volcanoes are in the Ring of Fire.