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Unit 1
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Section 1
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Food, clothing, and shelter
⦿ Relied on Buffalo Food, clothing, and shelter ⦿ Nomadic Did not believe in or even understand land ownership 200,000 lived on the Plains
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⦿ Stopped moving Indians west
Wanted land for white settlers Decided to take Indian lands Indians moved onto reservations ⦿ Decline of Buffalo Grasslands declining Hunting increased For sport not necessity
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150 Arapaho and Cheyenne men, women, and children killed in Colorado
⦿ Sand Creek Massacre 1864 150 Arapaho and Cheyenne men, women, and children killed in Colorado Col. John Chivington Congress condemned actions but punished no one
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Gen. George Custer v. Sitting Bull (Sioux) Montana Sioux Victory!
⦿ Little Big Horn 1876 Gen. George Custer v. Sitting Bull (Sioux) Montana Sioux Victory! ⦿ Palo Duro Canyon Comanche's Ended wars on southern plains
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Religious movement that inspired hope
⦿ Ghost Dance Movement Religious movement that inspired hope Newspapers reported it signaled an uprising Sitting Bull killed while trying to be arrested ⦿ Wounded Knee Massacre 250 unarmed Sioux killed Ended Ghost Dance Movement
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Chief Joseph attempted to take his people to Canada Turned back
⦿ NW Chief Joseph attempted to take his people to Canada Turned back
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⦿ Chief Joseph and Nez Perce
Captured by army after 1300 mile chase ⦿ "I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs are killed. Looking Glass is dead. Toohoolhoolzote is dead. The old men are all dead. It is the young men who say, "Yes" or "No." He who led the young men [Olikut] is dead. It is cold, and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are -- perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children, and see how many of them I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my chiefs! I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever."
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Apache leader Geronimo led raids against settlers
⦿ SW Apache leader Geronimo led raids against settlers Goyathlay (One Who Yawns) Captured in 1886
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⦿ Bureau of Indian Affairs established
assimilate or Americanize ⦿ Dawes Act Reservation system ⚫ Encouraged to farm Had to renounce tribal loyalties Most reservation land eventually taken Carlisle Indian School
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⦿ Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor
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Section 2
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Discovered in Colorado 1858 Klondike Gold Rush
Ran out quickly Klondike Gold Rush Difficult to mine ⦿ Silver Comstock Lode Nevada Lasted 20 years before running out
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Spanish ranchers in west
⦿ Origins Spanish ranchers in west Cattle (longhorn) and Sheep ⦿ Demand for Beef New large eastern cities needed beef Railroads made this possible
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Cowboys drove cattle on trails Trails led to railhead towns
⦿ Cattle Drive Cowboys drove cattle on trails Chisholm Trail Trails led to railhead towns Abilene and Dodge City Cattle then shipped to meatpacking centers Chicago, Omaha, St. Louis
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Joseph Glidden Weather barbed wire
⦿ End of the Open Range Joseph Glidden barbed wire Allowed ranchers/farmers to fence in livestock ending open grazing Weather Harsh winters of 85 and 86
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Section 3
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Windmill driven pumps Soddies Dugouts Huge farms Eventually failed
⦿ Lack of water Windmill driven pumps ⦿ Lack of lumber Soddies Dugouts ⦿ Bonanza Farms Huge farms Eventually failed
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Came from Patrons of Husbandry 1867 Oliver Hudson Kelley
⦿ Grange Came from Patrons of Husbandry 1867 Oliver Hudson Kelley Taught farmers how to: Organize Form cooperatives ⦿ Results: Gave rise to Farmer’s Alliances Southern Alliance Colored Farmers’ National Alliance Speakers traveled to towns to educate
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160 acres of free land to heads of household
⦿ Homestead Act 160 acres of free land to heads of household ⦿ Pacific Railway Act Gave land to RR companies to build west More land than needed given ⦿ Morrill Land Grant Act Gave land to states to build colleges Agricultural and mechanical colleges ISU, KSU, MSU, PSU
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Gave away unassigned Indian lands RR sold extra land
⦿ Oklahoma Land Rush 1889 Gave away unassigned Indian lands RR sold extra land
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Germany, Scandinavia, Ireland, Russia Gold rush and RR building
⦿ White settlers Farmers from South ⦿ A-A Exodusters Fled south ⦿ Europeans Economic opportunity Germany, Scandinavia, Ireland, Russia ⦿ Chinese Gold rush and RR building
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Declared frontier closed “The Frontier in American History”
⦿ 1890 Census Declared frontier closed ⦿ Frederick Jackson Turner “The Frontier in American History” Self-reliance and independent nature of American culture fostered the frontier
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