1. Gingivitis is inflammation of the gingiva without destruction of the periodontal ligament or bone, which distinguishes it from periodontitis. Pregnancy-related gingivitis affects 25–75% of pregnant women. It likely occurs because immunosupression and hormonal changes cause an altered response to bacterial plaque.
Symptoms
Mild gum swelling
Tenderness
Erythema
Bleeding gums when brushing
Typically identified in the second month and peaks in the eighth month.
Etiology
Plaque buildup from poor oral hygiene triggers gingival inflammation
Changes in hormone levels as a result of puberty, pregnancy, and diabetes modify the gingival response to plaque, resulting in increased gingivitis.
During the second trimester, there is a shift from predominant periodontal pathogens to destructive anaerobes, which frequently triggers gingival inflammation.
Decrease in cellular immunity during pregnancy exacerbates this process.
Preventative Measures & Treatment
Maintaining excellent oral hygiene through frequent brushing and flossing
Regular dental visits to monitor oral hygiene and to reinforce appropriate home care
Photos show erythema and swelling of the gingiva.
References
Barak S, Oettinger-Barak O, Oettinger M, Machtei EB, Peled M, Ohel G. Common oral manifestations during pregnancy: A review. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey 2003;58(9):
Boggess KA. Maternal Oral Health in Pregnancy. Obstet and Gynecol. 2008; 111(4):