1. Warm up: October 25 Identify the organelle that:
Synthesizes lipids & detoxifies drugs
Sorts & packages proteins
Make (RNA & protein) subunits
Allows substances to pass through from one plant cell to another.
S.E.R
Golgi apparatus
Nucleolus
Plasmodesmata

2. Osmosis and Water Potential
Textbook pages

3. Water potential is a concept that helps to describe the tendency of water to move from one area to another, particularly into or out of cells.
Water molecules move randomly.
When water is enclosed by a membrane some of the moving water molecules will hit the membrane, exerting pressure on it.
This pressure is known as water potential.

4. Water Potential
It is measured in units of pressure, can be measured in kPa, MPa, bar.
Pure water has a water potential of zero.
A solution will have a lower concentration of water molecules so it will have a negative water potential.

5. Water potential determines the rate and direction of osmosis.
We look at water movement in terms of water potential (ψ psi)
Two factors:
Solute concentration and pressure
Pure water ψ = 0 Kpa
The addition of solute lowers the water potential (negative number)
Water potential determines the rate and direction of osmosis.

6. PROBLEM – What about physical pressure?
It is easy to say that water will move from high concentration to low concentration…but look at the cell to the right…can the water keep going in?
physical pressure.
NO, as water enters the cell and the cytoplasm begins to put pressure on the cell wall, the cell wall will begin push back
(3rd law of motion) – physical pressure.
plasmolysis
The combined effects of solute concentrations and physical pressure are given in a single measurement called the WATER POTENTIAL (Ψ; psi) for a given solution (EACH SOLUTION HAS AN ASSIGNED WATER POTENTIAL).

7. Ψ = water potential of the given solution
physical pressure.
WATER POTENTIAL
How is water potential calculated?
Ψ = Ψs + Ψp
Ψ = water potential of the given solution
1. The potential pressure, in Mpa, that the water will exert on another solution.
2. Water always move from solutions of higher water potential (higher pressure) to solutions of lower water potential (lower pressure) of course.
plasmolysis
3. Water potential determines the direction of water movement
4. Largest water potential = 0 Mpa = DISTILLED WATER
It has the greatest available free water molecules  greatest potential to move and do work  greatest pressure potential to exert on another solution

8. Ψs = solute potential (osmotic potential)
WATER POTENTIAL
physical pressure.
How is water potential calculated?
Ψ = Ψs + Ψp
Ψ = water potential of the given solution
Ψs = solute potential (osmotic potential)
1. Ψs = defined as 0 MPa for pure water; and becomes more and more negative as more and more solute is added this is because the potential pressure the water would exert on a neighboring solution would decrease if the water concentration is falling.
plasmolysis
2. Always either zero or negative
3. Makes sense since the more solute, the more likely you are to bring water to you and therefore the lower the potential pressure exerted by the water.

9. The pressure potential in an open beaker is ZERO
WATER POTENTIAL
physical pressure.
How is water potential calculated?
Ψ = Ψs + Ψp
Ψ = water potential of the given solution
Ψs = solute potential (osmotic potential)
Ψp = [physical] pressure potential
The pressure potential in an open beaker is ZERO
1. Ψp = potential pressure the water will apply on a neighboring solution due to physical forces
plasmolysis
2. Ψp can be positive or negative since the physical pressure can be greater than atmospheric pressure (positive; i.e. in a turgid plant cell) or less than atmospheric pressure (negative; i.e. xylem cells when water is flowing through by transpiration).

10. Qualitative analysis

11. Quantitative analysis of WATER POTENTIAL
Look at the four conditions on the right and explain what you are observing in terms of water potential.
Water is moving from higher water potential to lower water potential whose values are dependent on solute potential and pressure potential.
plasmolysis
More solute - more negative Ψs
More pressure - increases Ψp
Less pressure - decreases Ψp

12. Quantitative analysis of WATER POTENTIAL
Hypertonic
Hyp0tonic
plasmolysis
Look at the conditions on the right and left: explain what you are observing in terms of water potential.
The cell is at equilibrium when the cell wall pushes back with the equivalent pressure potential of 0.7 MPa

13. Quantitative analysis of WATER POTENTIAL
1. A solution in a beaker has sucrose dissolved in water with a solute potential of -0.5MPa. A flaccid cell is placed in the above beaker with a solute potential of -0.9MPa.
a) What is the pressure potential of the flaccid cell before it was placed in the beaker?
b) What is the water potential of the cell before it was placed in the beaker?
c) What is the water potential in the beaker containing the sucrose?   
0 MPa
plasmolysis
- 0.9 MPa
- 0.5 MPa

14. Water will move into the cell
Quantitative analysis of WATER POTENTIAL
d) How will the water move?
e) What is the pressure potential of the plant cell when it is in equilibrium with the sucrose solution outside? Also, what is its final water potential when it is in equilibrium?
f) Is the cell now turgid/flaccid/plasmolysed?
g) Is the cell hypotonic or hypertonic with respect to the outside prior to equilibrium?
Water will move into the cell
Ψ = Ψs + Ψp
Ψp = Ψ – Ψs
Ψp = -0.5 Mpa - (-0.9 Mpa)
Ψp = 0.4 Mpa
Cells final water potential at equilibrium will be equal to the solute potential of the water in the beaker  Mpa
Turgid
Hypertonic

15. Quantitative analysis of WATER POTENTIAL
 2. A solution in a beaker has sucrose dissolved in water with a solute potential of
-0.7MPa. A flaccid cell is placed in the above beaker with a solute potential of MPa.
a) What is the pressure potential of the flaccid cell before it was placed in the beaker?
b) What is the water potential of the cell before it was placed in the beaker?
c) What is the water potential in the beaker containing the sucrose?
0 MPa
- 0.3 MPa
plasmolysis
- 0.7 MPa

16. Water will move out of the cell
Quantitative analysis of WATER POTENTIAL
d) How will the water move?
e) What is the pressure potential of the plant cell when it is in equilibrium with the sucrose solution outside? Think carefully – does the plant cell wall change shape?
f) Also, what is the cell’s final water potential when it is in equilibrium?
g) Is the cell now turgid/flaccid / plasmolyzed?
Water will move out of the cell
Ψ = Ψs + Ψp
Ψp = Ψ – Ψs
Ψp = -0.7 Mpa - (-0.3 Mpa)
Ψp = Mpa
No because…
- 0.7 Mpa
Plasmolyzed

17. Quantitative analysis of WATER POTENTIAL
h) What is the cell’s solute potential when it is in equilibrium?
I) Is the cell hypotonic or hypertonic with respect to the outside prior to equilibrium?
J) If it is hypo / hyper (choose one) tonic – this means that its water potential is higher/lower (choose one) than the outside.
Ψ = Ψs + Ψp
Ψs = Ψ – Ψp
Ψs = Mpa - 0 Mpa
Ψs = Mpa
Hypotonic

18. Cell will shrink (crenate)
Review Questions:
Out of the cell
Cell will shrink (crenate)

19. Hypertonic 70 30 Review Questions:
The solute, Ψs, is greater outside the cell
Osmosis
The cell will crenate (shrink) 70 30

20. Calculating solute potential (osmotic potential)
i salt = 2
i sucrose = 1
Ψs = -icRT
i – ionization constant (how many ions in the solute); usually between 1 and 2
C – molar concentration (moles/liter)
R – pressure constant = liter bars/mole K
T – temperature in K (273 + °C)
10 bars = 1 MPa

21. Practice
Calculate the solute potential of a 1.0M sucrose solution at 25°C in an open beaker. (i-for sucrose is 1 because it does not ionize in water)
Ψ𝑠=−𝑖𝑐𝑅𝑇
= − 𝑀 =−24.8 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
2. What would the water potential be for this solution?
Ψ= Ψs + Ψp
Ψ=− = bars
3. Calculate the solute potential of a 0.1M NaCl solution at 22°C.
= − 𝑀 =−4.9 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
4. If the concentration of NaCl inside the plant cell is 0.15M, which way will the water flow if the cell is placed in the 0.1M solution?
Ans: bars
Ans: -4.9 bars
Into the cell from high water potential to low water potential