1. CORE
REVISION
SHEETS

2. Papers and boards revision sheet
Bleedproof paper
Cartridge paper
Plotting data
Grid paper has printed squares or isometric grids
These are printed with feint lines that enable the user to draw graphs and diagrams, plot mathematical functions or add scientific data
Lines can be printed in different weights
How does grid paper help with accuracy when drawing a plan, for instance the layout of a new kitchen?
Bleedproof paper is smooth and has a special coating to reduce absorbency
When drawing with a marker pen or writing with ink, the paper keeps the ink on the surface which creates a crisper line or mark
It resists bleeding and feathering
It’s lightweight at around 70-80gsm
A thick, quality paper with a slight texture
It’s used particularly for pencil and ink drawings and paintings
Available in a range of weights, a heavier paper at 200gsm is more suitable for watercolour and acrylic painting
Layout paper and tracing paper
Corrugated cardboard
Foil lined board
Corrugated board is made up of one or two outer flat layers and a corrugated layer
Commonly used for delivery containers and packaging
It’s lightweight, but strong
With a smooth surface, it can easily be printed on
Suggest a common use in the catering industry for corrugated cardboard
In the early stages of planning for a painting or design, artists may use layout paper and tracing paper for working sketches and ideas
Layout paper is lightweight and smooth with greater opacity than tracing paper
It accepts pencil and most other media well
This is made from a stiff card lined with aluminium foil on one side
Cartons containing liquid are foil lined making it food safe
The card also has a waxy coating to make it resistant to oils and liquids
Where else might you find foil lined card?
Tracing paper is smooth and sold in pads and rolls
Ranging from 40gsm up to 280gsm for specialist uses
It is made in the same way as ordinary paper, but is passed through a bath of acid which partially dissolves the paper
This increases the translucency, and it also increases the stability of the paper
As well as for tracing, suggest where else you may find this type of paper in use

3. Solid white board (Mount board)
Papers and boards revision sheet 2
Solid white board (Mount board)
Duplex board
Foam board or foamcore
Duplex board is made up of two layers
The exterior will have a wax coating to provide a moisture barrier and give it a glossy sheen
Its smooth white surface makes it suitable for offset printing
Its weight, 200 – 500gsm, also makes it ideal for folding and die cutting
Foam board consists of a sheet of polystyrene foam sandwiched between outer layers of paper
Rigid and lightweight, it is often used as a backing material for graphic signage
It cuts cleanly with a sharp blade making it very suitable for architectural models or prototypes
Solid white board is a high quality board with a bright white finish
Weights range from 200gsm – 500gsm
It’s strong, smooth surface makes it suitable for book covers and product packagingIt accepts printing and surface finishes
Ink jet card
Designed for use with an inkjet printer, the inks sit on the surface of the paper
With a special coating this increases the stability of the print
A good smooth surface, ensures even ink coverage and absorbency
Available in weights ranging from gsm
A matt or gloss coating enables a variety of images to be printed

4. Papers and boards Type Properties Uses Image Layout and tracing paper
Relatively hard and translucent
50-90 GSM
Working drawings, tracing
Bleed-proof paper
Smooth and relatively hard. Resistant to inks and colours seeping through the paper, allowing clear, sharp images
70-150bGSM
Used with water-based and spirit-based felt-tip pens. Printed multi coloured flyers and leaflets
Cartridge paper
Tough and lightly textured. Typically a very light cream colour
GSM
Drawing and painting, printed flyers and leaflets
Grid paper
Printed square and isometric grids in different sizes
GSM
Quick sketches and model making
Corrugated cardboard
Contains 2 or more layers of card with interlacing fluted inner section (adds strength without significant weight increase) Often made from recycled material; low cost
250 microns
General-purpose material for boxes and packaging
Type
Properties
Uses
Image
Duplex board
White surfaces with grey fibres between. Tough and lightly textured. Lower cost than fully bleached card.
GSM
Food packaging
Foil-lined board
Made by laminating aluminium foil to one side of cardboard. Keeps heat in, can keep moisture out.
Drinks cartons, ready meal lids
Foam board
Paper surfaces covering polystyrene centre
1.5-12mm thick
Mounting of pictures, architectural moddellling
Solid white board (mount board)
Strong, high-quality, white board. Made from pure bleached wood pulp
GSM
Excellent for printing, book covers, expensive packaging
Inkjet card
Strong, high-quality forms are often coated
GSM
Printing on inkjet printers, greetings cards and business cards

5. Larch Timber core revision sheet Coniferous (Evergreen) Deciduous
Deciduous trees drop their leaves in the autumn and new leaves grow in spring
Hardwood is slower growing and is therefore more expensive
Sought after for its variety of colours and grains, it has good aesthetical and physical properties
It has a closer grain, making it more dense and hardwearing
Most coniferous trees have needles, are evergreen, and they keep their needles all year round
Softwood trees grow faster than hardwood trees making it relatively cheap and readily available
The grain is wider making it more absorbent
What problems could this absorbency cause with the timber?

6. Timber core revision sheet 2

7. Hardwoods Softwoods Manufactured board
Deciduous trees, lose leaves in Autumn
Coniferous trees (Evergreen)
Name
Image
Properties
Example uses
Oak
Very strong and hard, but easy to work with. Open grained, light brown colour
High- quality furniture
Birch
Hard but easy to work with. Close, fine grain, pale, light in colour
Furniture and cabinets, turned items
Ash
Tough and flexible, open grained, light, creamy brown colour
Tool handles, sports equipment, wooden ladders
Mahogany
Fairly strong and durable. Some interlocking grain. Pink and reddish brown
High-quality furniture
Balsa
Soft, can be marked using a finger. Off-white to tan colour
Modelling
Name
Image
Properties
Example uses
Pine
Fairly strong ad durable, but easy to work with. Straight grained, light brown or yellowish
Construction work and joinery, furniture
Larch
Tough, water resistant and durable. Grain is generally straight or spiraled. Yellow to medium brown colour.
Boats and yachts, exterior cladding or buildings, interior paneling, fence panels
Spruce
Strong and hard, but low resistance to decay. Straight grained, yellowish-white colour
General construction, wooden aircraft frames
Name
Image
Properties
Example uses
MDF
Made from fine particles of timber, mixed with an adhesive and compressed, smooth, even surface, easily machined
Furniture, interior paneling
Plywood
Layers of veneer, glued together with the grain structure at 90 degrees to each other.
Furniture making
Chipboard
Made from particles (chips) of timber, mixed with an adhesive. Rough surface. Often covered with laminate (timber veneer or polymer such as melamine formaldehyde)
Kitchen worktops
Manufactured board

8. Metals and alloys core revision sheet

9. Metals and alloys core revision sheet 2

10. Metals and alloys core revision sheet 3

11. Non- ferrous Ferrous Alloys
No iron, non- magnetic
Contains iron, magnetic
Name
Image
Properties
Example uses
Aluminium
Lighter than steel but not as strong
Drinks cans, cooking pans, food packaging
Copper
Excellent conductor of heat and electricity
Electrical wiring, water pipes
Tin
Relatively soft and malleable. Excellent corrosion resistance to water. Used to plate steel for ‘tins’
Coating steel cans for corrosion resistance
Zinc
Hard and brittle
As a coating on steel (galvanizing) for corrosion resistance
Name
Image
Properties
Example uses
Cast iron
Good hardness and compressive strength, but poor tensile strength and brittle under tension
Engine blocks, cookware, piping
Low-carbon steel
Tough, relatively cheap and easy to machine. Prone to corrosion
Car body panels, nuts and bolts, screws
High Carbon steel
Very strong and hard, more brittle and less ductile than low carbon steel
Springs, high-tension wires, tools
Name
Mixtures
Properties
Example uses
Brass
Copper and zinc
Low friction, corrosion resistant, malleable
Locks, bearings, musical instruments
Stainless steel
Iron and chromium and carbon
Tough, strong and hard. Difficult to machine. Corrosion resistant
Kitchen equipment, medical instruments
High Speed steel
Iron with small amounts of carbon, tungsten, and others
Very hard, even at high temperatures, allowing HHS to cut faster even when heated by friction. Strong but brittle with low ductility
Power saw blades, drill bits, files, chisels, woodturning tools
Alloys
Contains 2 or more metals

12. Polymers core revision sheet

13. Polymers
Polymers can be split into 2 categories
1. Thermosetting plastics – Rigid . Once they are formed they cannot be reformed.
Name
Appearance
Image
Properties
Example uses
Epoxy resin
Araldite
(ER)
Supplied as two liquids: a resin and a hardener, which when mixed, sets clear with a very smooth finish. Can be coloured.
Stronger than other resins, better strength to weight ratio, expensive, heat resistant, and a good electrical insulator. High VOCs when curing
Bonding different materials together, electrical circuit boards, waterproof coatings, used in fibreglass and carbon fibre lamination.
Melamine formaldehyde
(MF)
Formed and moulded into various shapes, smooth, available in many colours and can be printed
Food safe and hygienic, lightweight, hard, brittle but not microwave safe
Kitchenware and heat resistant surfaces bonded to worktops and flat packed furniture
Urea formaldehyde
(UF)
Very smooth finish, mainly white, limited colours available. Very versatile
Heat resistant, very good electrical insulator, hard, brittle, easily injection moulded
Electrical fittings, casings, buttons, and handles.
Polyester resin
(PR)
Similar to epoxy resin, it is supplied as two liquids, a resin and a hardener. Sets very clear, smooth and can be coloured.
Reasonably strong, heat resistant and a god electrical insulator. High VOCs when curing
Encapsulation of artefacts, waterproof coatings, flooring, used in lamination of fibreglass
Phenol formaldehyde
(PF)
Frequently injection moulded, it has a limited colour palette with high gloss finish achievable
Formally known as Baskelite, very rigid, hard and brittle. AN excellent electrical insulator with good chemical resistance
Electrical components, mechanical parts, casting resin

14. Name Appearance Image Properties Example uses
2. Thermoforming plastics – Flexible when heat is applied. Can be reheated – will return to original shape, but will lose elasticity.
Name
Appearance
Image
Properties
Example uses
Polyethylene
terephthalate
Clear, easily coloured with a smooth finish
Easily blow moulded, chemically resistant and fully recyclable
Bottles
High density
polyethylene
Opaque, takes colour well and can be textured
Lightweight, rip and chemical resistant. Premium price paid when recycled.
Milk bottles, pipes, hard hats, wheelie bins
Polyvinyl
chloride
Good range of colours with a high gloss finish. Available in sheets or shaped as rigid PVC.
Flexible, high plasticity, chemically resistant, tough and easily extruded
Raincoats, pipes, electrical tape, self adhesive vinyl, window frames
Low Density
Clear, thin to medium thick film with a smooth finish that takes colour well
Very flexible and tough with a high strength to weight ratio.
Plastic carrier bags, refuse sacks,, piping
Polypropylene
Available in sheets or shapes that are easily coloured
Flexible, tough, lightweight and chemically resistant. Easily cleaned and safe with food
Kitchen, medical and stationary products, rope
High impact
polystyrene
Flat, clear or coloured sheets for vacuum forming
Flexible, impact resistant, lightweight, can be food safe, sheet used for vacuum forming, very toxic when burnt
Vacuum formed products such as food containers, and yoghurt pots
Acrylic (Poly – methyl
Meth Acrylate –
PMMA)
Thick to thin sheets, bars and tubes in huge colour ranges with a smooth finish. Can be spun into thread and woven, very versatile
Tough. But brittle when thin. Easily scratched, formed and bonded. Common in school workshops with laser cutting and line bending
Car lights, display stands, trophies, table tops, modern baths, jumpers, hats and glovrd

15. Polymers processes – deforming plastic
Blow moulding
Injection moulding

16. Textiles Textiles can be split into 6 categories
1. Natural fibres (plant based)
Name
Appearance
Image
Properties
Example uses
Cotton
White fluffy ‘boll’ taken from the cotton plant; contains fibres that are combed and spun into yarn. Takes dye readily
Soft and strong. Absorbent, cool to wear, and easily washable. Cotton fabrics can be given a brushed finish to increase their thermal properties.
Most clothing, especially shirts, underwear and denim can be made from cotton. Also used for towels and bedsheets.
1. Natural fibres (animal based)
Name
Appearance
Image
Properties
Example uses
Wool
Animal fleece, most commonly from sheep, is spun into yarn. Easy to dye, available in many colours and textures
From fine to soft and thick and coarse, it is warm and naturally crease resistant. Can shrink. Often blended to add functionality.
Jumpers, coats, suits and accessories worn for warmth. Specialist wools are very soft and expensive. Felt products and carpets
Silk
Very fine natural protein fibre from the cocoon of a silkworm, Thread has natural shine, takes dye.
Very soft and fine finish, gentle on skin, cool in summer, warm in winter. Absorbent. Strong when dry. Tricky to wash, creases easily, expensive
Luxury clothing including nightwear and underwear, soft furnishings, bed sheets, silk paintings and wall hangings

17. Smooth to touch with a sheen and easily takes colour.
2. Synthetic fibres
Name
Appearance
Image
Properties
Example uses
Polyester
Can be made into different fabrics including satin, rip-stop, tent and sail material, and brushed Polartec fleece.
Tough, strong and hard wearing, very versatile, holds colour well, non-absorbent so quick drying, machine washes well. Often blended with other fibres. Easily coloured.
Clothing, fleece garments, bedsheets, carpets, wadding, ropes, threads, backpacks, umbrellas and sportswear
Polyamide
(Nylon)
A very versatile fibre, woven into many different forms including rip-stop. Easily coloured
Good strength, hard wearing, non-absorbent, machine washes well, easily and frequently blended
Clothing, ropes and webbings, parachutes and sport material. Use as a tough thread on garments
Elastane
(LYCRA)
Smooth to touch with a sheen and easily takes colour.
Added to fabric to enhance working properties, particularly to add stretch. Allows freedom of movement, quick drying, holds colour well, machine washable
Sportswear, exercise clothing, swimsuits, hosiery, general clothing, surgical and muscular garments

18. 3. Blended and mixed fibres
Name
Appearance
Image
Properties
Example uses
Poly- cotton
Polyester and cotton blend
Cotton-like look, easily printed and dyed, creases less than pure cotton
More durable than pure cotton but not as breathable. Can be produced more cheaply than cotton alone. Many blends are available; 65% cotton 35% polyester to 50/50 are common
General clothing, sheets and bedding. Can be used as an alternative to most cotton products.
4. Woven fabric
Name
Appearance
Image
Properties
Example uses
Plain weave
Threads are interlaced at 90 degrees to each other, warp threads run the length. Same pattern on front and reverse
Simple and cheaper to produce than more complicated weaves, stronger than other weave patterns
Used on textiles such as cotton calicos, cheese cloth and gingham, found on table cloths, upholstery and clothing

19. 5. Non-woven fabric 6. Knitted textiles
Name
Appearance
Image
Properties
Example uses
Bonded fabric
Random laid fibres are visible in the fabric. It can have small holes or a textured surface
Fabrics lack strength, they have no grain so can be cut in any direction and do not fray
Disposable products such as protective clothing such as hygiene purposes, tea bags, dish cloths and dusters
Felted fabric
Matted fibres randomly interspersed, wide range of colours and thicknesses
Can be formed with moisture and heat; once dry it was no elasticity or drape, and can pull apart easily. Woollen varieties can be expensive
Hats, handicraft, pads under furniture to prevent scratching, soundproofing and insulation
6. Knitted textiles
Name
Appearance
Image
Properties
Example uses
Knitted fabric
Loops of yarn are interlocked with each other using needles. Plain or very decorative patterns can be produced
Warm to wear, different knits have different properties such as stretch and shape retention. Weft knits ladder and unravel more easily than warp
Jumpers, cardigans, sportswear and underwear fabrics, socks, tights and leggings, craft items such as soft toys