1. Language Learning through Database Searching Karen Bordonaro LOEX of the West 2010: Crossing Borders, Expanding Frontiers Calgary, Alberta June 11, 2010

2. Crossing Borders

3. Borders Geographical: Canada – United States Disciplinary: Librarianship - TESL Pedagogical: Learning how to search effectively – Learning how to improve English vocabulary

4. Question Is library database searching a language learning activity?

5. Why is this important? International students are a growing presence on our campuses. Libraries cross borders: information seeking and language learning can take place simultaneously

6. My role in this study As principal investigator - but - I knew these students as their liaison librarian: 15 students from the M.Ed. International Student Program, 7 students from the M.A. TESL Bridging Program) Participants were all graduate students

7. Interview question How do you decide what words in English to enter into a database when you are looking for journal articles?

8. Finding more vocabulary Do you rely on your own knowledge of English vocabulary? How would you rate your own knowledge of English vocabulary? (excellent – good – fair – poor) Do you use a dictionary? Do you use a thesaurus? Do you ask your classmates for help? Do you ask your professor for help? Do you use your textbook to find appropriate vocabulary words? Do you use other readings to find appropriate vocabulary words? When a search is not successful, how do you think of other words to try? How do you increase your own vocabulary of English in general?

9. Keeping track of vocabulary Do you keep track of what vocabulary you have used for searches? Do you write down the words or memorize them? Do you print out search results so you know what words you used to find them? Do you use any other vocabulary strategies?

10. Library Strategies Do you use the ERIC Thesaurus to find better subject headings? Do you look at the other subject headings in a record? Do you use library database options like find related articles? Do you ask librarians or library assistants for help? Do you use any other library strategies to find better words to search on?

11. Sources of initial searching vocabulary Self-knowledge Instructor – listening during a lecture – talking to the instructor one-on-one) Course material – textbook – course readings Do not begin with a list of synonyms in mind

12. Rating their own language proficiency fair but not excellent – Seemed to consider their knowledge of specialized terminology in Applied Linguistics and Education to be advanced

13. If initial search terms dont work Vocabulary strategies used Library strategies used

14. Vocabulary strategies Dictionary or thesaurus used Guessing words in context (GWIC) Noticing strategies (salience, frequency) Memorization Repetition Marking unknown words Making lists Asking peers Visualization Referring to readings and lecture notes Trying different parts of speech (noun, verb, adjective)

15. Library strategies Using references Citation chasing Looking at TOC (tables of contents) Asking librarian for help Truncation and wild card searches Searching for known authors Field searching Broadening and narrowing searches Using descriptors Reading abstracts Looking at currency Browsing shelves

16. Were the library strategies seen as language learning? Initially seen as library strategies by most participants Upon further consideration, then seen as a language learning process also by all participants Why the difference in initial opinions? – Conscious vs. unconscious learning Meta-cognition – Participants who initially saw both library searching and language learning taking place simultaneously were better able to verbalize their learning

17. The process of researching some words is like a language activity, helping myself to find the right word. And my best definition is to find something. I can learn some words from this process. Different words, different meanings. And in the different contexts, different meanings. It is interesting for me.

18. Our role Promoting awareness of conscious language learning as a way to get better search results How? – state directly to them that library database searching relies mainly on the computerized retrieval of word appearances – Make them aware that word frequency and word placement in a particular field (i.e. in the subject heading field) often account for the reason searches result in particular hits – ask international students inductively why they think they got certain search results from particular words or phrases – ask them if they know other synonyms they can try

19. Language advantages of international students their formal linguistic knowledge of the English language is already explicit they are more consciously aware of regular and irregular patterns in English they cannot generally rely on the sense that something just sounds right they need to fit new language patterns into pre-existing patterns that have to be consciously learned

20. Current library searching Not real natural language searching Not generally building semantic bridges between synonyms Typos often still matter – garbage in, garbage out

21. Adding meta-cognition to library instruction Ask international students directly Why do you think you got these results? Deliberately make typing mistakes Show different results for different synonyms Ask them explicitly how they think of words to type in for a search? Give them suggestions for finding more potential search terms

22. For more information Bordonaro, K. (2010). Is library database searching a language learning activity? College & Research Libraries, forthcoming May 2010.

23. Contact information Karen Bordonaro, M.A., M.L.S., Ed.M., Ph.D. Instruction Coordinator/ Liaison Librarian: Applied Linguistics, Modern Languages James A. Gibson Library Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1 Tel: 905-688-5550 ext. 4423 kbordonaro@brocku.ca